
Qass, E lj-2k 

Book-. NS'i^<b 



11 S Li, a- I 

A SMALLER 



SCHOOL HISTORY 

OF THE 

UNITED STATES, 

FROM THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA TO THE YEAR 1872. 



By DAVID B. SCOTT, 

AUTHOR OF "A SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.' 



WITH MAPS AND ENGRAVINGS. 




..^nl'; 






NEW YORK 
HARPER & BROTHERS, PUBLISHERS, 

FRANKLIN SQUARE. 

1872. 



Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1872, by 

Harper & Brothers, 

In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. 



^^n^ 






PREFACE. 



This work has been prepared to meet the wants of 
students wlio have not time to complete the study of 
" Harper's School History of the United States." While 
it is little more than half the size of that book, care has 
been taken not to omit any points of importance, nor to 
sacrifice clearness to brevity. 

In general arrangement it is much the same as the 
larger work. Each paragraph is introduced by promi- 
nent type, which will aid in impressing important events 
on the memorj^ 

With these few words, the " Smaller History of the 
United States" is now presented to the notice of teach- 
ers, and other friends of education. 

New York, June, 1872. 



CONTENTS 



CHAPTER I. 

DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 

Feom the Disooveet of America, 1492, to the Settlement op Jamestown, 
160T— A Period of 115 Years. 

Spanish Explorations and Discoveries Page 1 

French Explorations and Discoveries 10 

English Explorations and Discoveries 13 

General Summary of Claims on this Continent 17 

CHAPTER II. 

colonial history. 

From the Settlement of Jamestown, 1607, to the Commencement of the 
French and Indian War, 1T54. 

PART I.— VIRGINIA AND MARYLAND. 

Virginia 20 

Maryland 27 

PART II.-NEW ENGLAND COLONIES. 

Massachusetts 29 

Connecticut 38 

Rhode Island 41 

New Hampshire 42 

PART III.— MIDDLE COLONIES. 

New York 43 

New Jersey 46 

Delaware — Pennsylvania 48 

PART IV.— EXTREME SOUTHERN COLONIES. 

North Carolina 50 

South Cai'olina 52 

Georgia 53 

General Reflections on Colonial History 54 

CHAPTER III. 
French Explorations and Settlements from 1G09 60 



VI CONTENTS. 

CHAPTER IV. 

French and Indian War Page 65 

Events of 1754 66 

Events of 1755 68 

Events of 1756 70 

Events of 1757 71 

Events of 1758 72 

Events of 1759 73 

Results of the French and Indian War 76 

CHAPTER V. 
Causes of the American Revolution 78 

CHAPTER VI. 

War of the American Revolution 85 

Events of 1775 85 

Events of 1776 90 

Events of 1777 95 

Events of 1778 102 

Events of 1779 105 

Events of 1780 108 

Events of 1781 112 

Events of 1782-83 116 

Government from 1781 to 1789 117 

CHAPTER VII. 

the united states under the constitution. 

PART I.— FROM 1789 TO 1817. 

Administration of George Washington 121 

" John Adams 124 

" Thomas Jefferson 125 

" James Madison 128 

War with England— 1812 129 

1813 133 

" " 1814-15 136 

PART II.— FROM 1817 TO 1841. 

Administration of James Monroe 142 

" John Qiiincy Adams 144 

' ' Andrew Jackson 145 

" Martin Van Buren 147 



CONTENTS. Vll 

PART III.— FROM 1S41 TO 1S49. 

Administration of William Henry Harrison Page 149 

" John Tyler 149 

" James K. Polk 151 

PART IV.-FROM 1849 TO ISGI. 

Administration of Zachary Taylor 158 

" Millard Fillmore 158 

" Franklin Pierce 159 

'- James Buchanan 160 

General Reflections 163 

PART V FROM 1861 TO 1SG9. 

Administration of Abraham Lincoln 166 

Civil War: Events of 1861 166 

" Events of 1862 175 

" Events of 1863 184 

" Events of 1864 188 

" Events of 1865 194 

Administration of Andrew Johnson 196 

PART VI. -FROM 1869 TO 1ST2. 

Administration of Ulysses S. Grant 198 

General View 201 

States admitted and Territories organized since 1787 205 

Settlement and Admission of the States 206 

Presidents and Vice-presidents of the United States 207 

Declaration of Independence 209 

Constitution of the United States 212 

Chronological Table 225 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



OE iOTO 154 



RALEIGH KNIGHTED. ^. 




LANDING OF COLUMBUS 



CHAPTER I. 
DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 

FROM THE DISCOVEKY OF AMERICA, 1492, TO THE SETTLEMENT OF 
JAMESTOWN, 1607 — A PERIOD OF 115 TEARS. 

1. Christopher Columbus. — In the year 1480 there was 
living in the city of Lisbon, the capital of Portugal, a 
navigator named Christopher Columbus, who supported 
his family by making maps and charts. This was an im- 
portant business in those days, particularly in Lisbon, be- 
cause the King of Portugal was very active in sending 
out ships on voyages of discovery. These voyages were 
southward, along the west coast of Africa, which was then 

A 



2 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

only partially explored; and their object was to find a 
direct route to India by sea. 

2. India and its Riches. — For many centuries India had 
been celebrated for its wealth. Its silks, its shawls, its 
spices, and fragrant woods, its ivory and pearls, its dia- 
monds and precious stones, together with its strange an- 
imals, made it to Europeans the wonder-land of those ear- 
ly days. 

3. The India Trade. — From the shores of India the goods 
were transported over the Arabian Sea to the Red Sea ; 
thence on camels to the River Nile ; then down the Nile 
to Alexandria. From this point they were conveyed 
across the Mediterranean to Italy. Such a route was 
very tedious. It was, moreover, exposed to danger from 
storms and from pirates. We can thus understand why 
Portugal was so actively seeking a safer and more direct 
road, and to control this rich trade. 

4. The Reasoning of Columbus. — While Columbus was 
busy making charts, his daring mind was thinking of a 
new route to India by sea. He reflected on the round- 
ness of the earth. He saw that the geographers knew 
little of the extent of Asia, and he was convinced that 
its eastern shores must reach nearer Europe than they 
supposed. Finally he came to the conclusion that, by 
sailing directly westward, he would easily reach the great 
islands on the shores of Farther India. 

5. The Geography of the Earth was little known before 
the time of Columbus. To show this, the two following 
maps have been inserted. In Map No. 1 we see that 
much of Africa is wanting; America and Australia are 
not seen ; and on the shores of Asia are figures of strange 
animals, of monsters, and men without heads. What was 

1. What is said of Columbus? Why was chart-making important? What is 
said of the Portuguese A'^oyages ? 

2. State what is said of the wealth of India. 

3. What is said of the route to India ? Of its dangers ? Of Portugal ? 

4. What idea filled the mind of Columbus? State the steps in his reasoning, 
and his conclusion. 



DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 



unknown the ge- 
ographers tilled 
with shapes of 
terror. 

6. Columbus 
seeking Aid. — Be- 
ing a native of 
Genoa (je7i'o-ah)^ 
in Italy, Columbus 
first applied to 
that city for as- 




MAP I. — THE WORLB AS KNOWN BEFOKE 00LTTMBU8. 




THE WORLD AS KNOWN IN OUK DAY. 



sistance to make a westward voyage. But she turned 
a deaf ear to his requests. Next he tried the King of 
Portugal, and failed. He then went to the Court of 
Spain, where he waited wearily for several years. Here 
he was opposed by the learned men to whom the king 
referred his schemes. He was ridiculed as a wild dream- 
er. The very children in the streets smiled at him as he 
passed, and put their fingers to their heads. At last, in 



5- What does Map No. T show ? Map No. II ? 



4 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

1490, he was leaving Spain sad and disappointed, leading 
his little son by the hand, and so poor that he begged 
bread and water at a convent-door. Fortunately some 
of his friends persuaded him to return. 

1. Columbus obtains Assistance. — Isabella, the queen, 
now listened to him with interest, as he painted, in imag- 
ination, the wealth of the new lands in the West. She 
was stirred to enthusiasm when he spoke of the natives 
to be converted to the Christian religion. Her husband, 
Ferdinand, was not so easily moved. The long wars with 
the Moors of Spain had just ended, and his treasury was 
nearly empty. Isabella offered to pledge her crown-jew- 
els for the expenses of the expedition, and he at length 
yielded. The jewels were not needed, however, and the 
money was advanced from the royal treasury. 

8. The Vessels. — The king's orders secured, at the port 
of Palos (jxth'los), in the south of Spain, two little ves- 
sels, called caravals ; Columbus and his friends added a 
third. They were so small that we are struck with 
wonder at the courage of Columbus, who was about to 
sail in them over a stormy and unknown ocean. The 
largest was not over one hundred tons burden, and this 
was the only one that had a deck throughout its entire 
length. 

9. The Voyage. — In these three vessels Columbus, made 
Admiral by the king, and his companions sailed from Pa- 
los, August 3, 1492. When, at last, after leaving the Ca- 
nary Islands, they pushed out into the great sea, across 
which no ship had ever sailed, the hearts of the sailors 
fiiiled them for fear. After many days they became de- 
spairing and mutinous. They even spoke of throwing tlie 
Admiral overboard and returning to Spain. Through all 
this the lofty spirit of Columbus was unmoved. He sail- 

6. To whom did Columbus first apply, and why ? To whom next ? With what 
success ? Where is Genoa ? Where did he go after trying Portugal ? What was 
his success ? What is said of his leaving ? 

7. Who proved his great friend ? What is said of her ? Of Ferdinand ? 

8. What were the king's orders ? What is said of the vessels ? 



DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 5 

ed Steadily westward, and at dawn of October 12, 1492, 

LAND WAS SEEN. 

10. Landing of Columbus. — He approached the shore 
richly attired in scarlet, holding the royal standard. On 
landing, he threw himself on his knees, kissed the earth, 
and returned thanks to God with tears of joy. Rising, 
he took possession of the country, with great ceremony, 
in the name of Ferdinand and Isabella, king and queen 
of Spain. 

11. Further Discoveries. — The land was found to be an 
island, which Columbus named San Salvador, one of the 
Bahamas. Remaining a few days here, he then sailed 
away, and discovered the islands of Cuba, Jamaica, Ilayti, 
(hcl-te), and Porto Rico {ree'ko). Here, then, thought Co- 
lumbus, were the long-wished-for islands off the coast of 
India, and he named the inhabitants Indians. 

12. Discovery of the Main-land. — Columbus made, in all, 
four voyages to the New World. In the third of these, 
in the year 1498, he touched the main-land at the mouth 
of the River Orinoco, on the coast of Paria, South Amer- 
ica. But he never dreamed that this was the shore of a 
new continent. When he died, in the year 1506, he re- 
mained firm in the belief that he had discovered the east- 
ern shores of India. 

13. The Naming of America. — Columbus discovered the 
road to the Western Continent. It would, therefore, ap- 
pear a matter of the simplest justice that it should have 
been named after him. An accident, however, gave that 
honor to another. Amerigo Vespucci {d-tner'e-go ves- 
pootch-ee)^ a Florentine, visited the continent in the year 
1499. After his return, his account of the new regions 
was published in Europe. A geographer suggested that 

9. What was Columbus's title? When, and from what place, did they sail? 
Where is Palos ? What of their voyage ? When was America discovered ? 

10. What is said of the landing of Columbus ? 

11. What land had Columbus first touched ? What else did he discover ? 
Where did he suppose he had arrived? What did he call the natives, and why? 

12. How many voyages did Columbus make? When and where did he first 
discover the main-land ? What did he himself think this to be ? 



t) HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

the land be called America, and by degrees the new con- 
tinent became known by that name. 

14. John and Sebastian Cabot. — Columbus was not, 
however, the first that discovered the main-land. In the 
year 1497, one year before the coast of Paria was visited, 
a ship from Bristol, England, under the command of John 
Cabot (cab'ot), sailed along the coast of North America 
for three hundred leagues or more. He • discovered the 
" new-found island," now known as Newfoundland. Next 
year, 1498, his son Sebastian, who was with his father 
the previous year, coasted from Labrador to Florida, in 
hopes of finding a passage to India. On the voyages of 
the Cabots the English founded their claim to a large 
part of the North American continent. 

15. Spanish Exploration continued. — Multitudes of ad- 
venturers from Spain flocked to the New World. Many 
of these were brave soldiers who had been fighting the 
Moors for years. Now that these wars were ended, they 
thirsted for fresh excitement. Darien was settled by Oje- 
DA (o-ka'da/i), a companion of Columbus, in 1510. The 
Andes were climbed ; the Isthmus was crossed ; and in 
the year 1513 Balboa [bal-bo' ah), from the southwestern 
slope of the mountains, first saw the Pacific Ocean, which 
he named the South Sea. 

IC. Florida— Ponce de Leon. — In the beginning of 1512, 
the brave old soldier Ponce de Leon {po7i-thd' da Idon) 
was cruising among the Bahama Islands. He had heard 
from the Indians the story of a fountain that would im- 
part immortal youth to those who should bathe in its wa- 
ters. In searching for this, he found no fountain, but he 
gained that which has made his name immortal. His 
ship accidentally touched the main-land, rich with flow- 
ers, on March 12, 1512. This being Easter-Sunday, called 

13. Why was the contineut not named after Cohimbus? 

14. Did Columbus first discover the maiu-land? Who did, and when? Who 
followed in 149S ? What was the object of this voyage ? 

15. What is said of those that followed Columbus ? What was settled ? What 
discovery was made in 1513 ? 



DISCOVEKIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 7 

by the Spaniards Pasqua de Flores — the feast of flowers — 
he named the new country Florida. 

1 7. Yucatan— Mexico. — The coast of Yucatan was ex- 
plored by Cordova in 1517. Mexico was visited by 
Grijalva {gre-hal'vah) in 1518, and the conquest of that 
rich country was achieved by Cortez in 1521. The 
Spaniards under Pizarro {jpe-zar'ro) pushed down the 
west coast of America as far as Peru, and to all of these 
possessions, richer than the grandest dreams of Colum- 
bus, there was given the name of New Spain. 

18. Carolina— Ayllon. — In the year 1520 some vessels 
from Hayti, under Ayllon {ile-yone')^ were cruising among 
the Bahamas, searching for Indians to carry them as slaves 
back to the mines. A storm drove the ships on the coast, 
north of Florida. In this way the shore of what is now 
South Carolina was first discovered. 

19. Florida— Narvaez. — In all their expeditions the 
Spaniards were guided chiefly by their thirst for gold. 
This led to the exploration of Florida, which had been 
named by the adventurers the land of gold. Narvaez 
{nar-vah'eth) first made the attempt, in 1528, with 300 
men. After enduring terrible disasters, only four of his 
companions returned to Spain to tell the story of their 
sufierings. 

20. De Soto. — This did not prevent fresh adventurers. 
There came from Spain a renowned soldier, named De 
Soto, who had fought with Pizarro, and grown rich in 
Peru. His great ambition was to rival the conquest of 
Mexico by Cortez, and he thought he could find such an 
empire in Florida. He had been made governor of Cuba, 
and had obtained a royal grant of land in Florida. The 
thousand gallant men that landed with him in Tampa 

16. Who was Ponce de Leon? What was the object of his voyage? What 
was his success ? Why did he name it Florida ? 

IT. What occurred in 151T and 1518? What in 1521 ? What else is said of the 
movements of the Spaniards ? 

18. What was the object of Ayllon's expedition ? What discovery did it make ? 

19. What chiefly prompted the Spanish expeditions ? What was Florida call- 
ed ? Describe the expedition of Narvaez. 



8 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Bay in 1539 fared little better tbanNarvaez and Lis com- 
panions. Their march, first north, then westward, w^as al- 
most a continuous battle with the Indians. 

21. The Mississippi discovered. — In the year 1541, after 
two years' wanderings through Georgia, Alabama, and 
Mississippi, they reached the Mississippi River. On its 
banks De Soto, worn out with care and disappointment, 
died in the spring of 1542, and was buried in its waters. 
The few survivors made their way down the river to a 
Spanish settlement on the Gulf of Mexico. 

22. Melendez {^na-len'detJi)^ a Spanish noble, was more 
successful. Being made governor of Florida, he organ- 
ized an expedition, and settled St. Augustine {aio-gus- 
teen'). This was in the year 1565. It is therefore the 
oldest town in the United States. 

23. Pacific Coast.— In the year 1542 Cabrillo (cd-hreeV- 
yo) was sent from Mexico to explore the Pacific coast to 
the northward. There were hopes that he would find a 
strait or passage to the Atlantic. Cabrillo reached the 
44th degree of north latitude, and thus explored the coast 
of California and part of Oregon. 

24. New-Mexico— Coronado. — Previous to the expedi- 
tion of Cabrillo, Coronado {nah-do) was dispatched, in 
1540, by the Viceroy of Mexico to strike north into the 
interior by the way of the River Gila (he'lah). While De 
Soto was in the wdlds of Alabama, Coronado, far west, 
was, in 1541, toiling among the mountains near the head- 
waters of the Rio Grande {re-o gran-dy). He is said to 
have gone as far north as Colorado. 

20. Who was De Soto? What was his ambitiou ? What had been given him 
by the King of Spain ? How many men went with him ? Where is Tampa Bay ? 
See Map, page 9. What is said of their march ? 

21. What great discovery did he make, and when ? What became of De Soto ? 
Through what states did he go ? What became of his companions ? 

22. Who was Melendez ? What did he accomplish ? 

23. Who was sent from Mexico in 1542 ? What was the object ? What did he 
explore ? 

24. What expedition was dispatched in 1640? What was its object? What is 
said of him and De Soto ? How far is Coronado said to have gone ? 



DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 



9 



25. Espego. — Forty years after, Espego {es-pci^ho) pass- 
ed up the valley of the Rio Grande, and explored the 
same region. He named it Nev^t Mexico, and founded 
the town of Santa Fe (/«) in the year 1582. 




EAKLY VOYAGES OF THE SPANIARDS FROM OOBA AND OTHER ISLANDS. 

26. Summary of Spanish Explorations. — The Spaniards, 
having planted themselves on the great islands they first 
discovered, pushed out in different directions to the main- 
land. They soon overran Central America, Mexico, and 
Peru. Within the present limits of the United States 
they were also active : 1. Florida, a vast and undefined 
region, was partially explored ; 2. The Mississippi was 
discovered ; 3. New Mexico was explored ; 4. St. Au- 
gustine and Santa Fb were founded ; 5. The coast of 
California was examined for many leagues. 



25. What exploration was made in 1581 ? What town did he found ? 

26. What is said of the great islands they first discovered ? Give a list of their 
various explorations and settlements north of the gulf. 

A2 



10 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

27. We have seen that the discovery of America arose 
out of a desire to find a new route to India. This was in 
the interests of trade. Cohimbus started to reach India, 
and found what he thought were the islands on its coast. 

28. But no India trade came ; no pearls, no rubies, no 
rich goods. This, for some years, was a great disappoint- 
ment to Spain; all the more because Portuguese navi- 
gators sailed round the Cape of Good Hope in 1498, and 
secured the trade of India to Portugal. 

29. The Spaniards did not gain wdiat they first sought, 
but they soon obtained wealth nearly as great. In less 
than twenty years immense quantities of gold and silver 
began to flow into Spain from Mexico and Peru. Before 
long she became the richest and mightiest nation of Eu- 
rope. So much the discovery of Columbus did for Spain. 



FRENCH EXPLORATIONS. 

1. French Fishing-grounds. — As early as the year 1504 
there were a number of French fishing-vessels around the 
Gulf of St. Lawrence. It was not then knowm by that 
name. In the year 1506 Denys {den-ee)^ a Frenchman, 
drew, for the use of these fishermen, a rude map of the 
Gulf. This became a favorite fishing-ground, and ships 
of other nations congregated there. 

2. Verrazani {vd-rat-tsah'oie)^ a Florentine, was sent out 
by the French king, in the year 1524, in command of 
an exploring expedition. He first touched the coast at 
North Carolina, and explored as fiir north as Newfound- 
land. It is believed that he entered the harbors of New 
York and Newport. Verrazani's voyage was the founda- 
tion of the French claim in America. 

2T. What led to the discovery of America? 

28. Why was Spain so much disappointed after the discovery ? 

29. How were they compensated for not gaining the India trade ? What did 
this do for Spain ? 

1. Where were the French in the beginning of the 16th century? What is 
paid of Denys ? Who visited the Gulf besides the French ? 

2. Who was Verrazani ? What of his expedition ? What was founded on it ? 



DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 11 

3. The St. Lawrence — Cartier {car-te'a), sent out from 
France in 1534, entered the gulf which he named St. 
Lawrence, and then sailed a short distance up the river. 
In a second expedition, in the following year, he went up 
the river as far as an Indian town, which he named Mon- 
treal. He tried to plant a settlement on the Island of 
Orleans {or-le-anz') ^ but failed. The terrible severity of 
the Northern winter and its extreme length so discour- 
aged his companions, that they were glad to return to 
France in the spring. Cartier tried it again at the same 
place in 1541, with no better success. 

4. The Huguenots in Florida. — Twenty-one years later, 
1562, some French Protestants, called Huguenots {hu-ge- 
7iots), were sent out by Coligny (ko-leen-ye), admiral of 
France, under Ribaut {re-bo), to try the milder climate 
of Florida. They built a fort at Port Royal Inlet, and 
twenty- six men were left to take care of it. Ribaut 
sailed back to France. The little garrison soon became 
homesick, quarreled among themselves, and killed their 
commander. Almost in despair, they then built a rude 
vessel, in which they set sail to France, and were picked 
up in a starving condition by an English ship. 

5. Laudonniere. — Two years afterward, in 1564, three 
ship-loads of Huguenots, under Laudonniere (la/i-do?i- 
yctre), came to St. John's River and built a fort called 
Carolina. This was in honor of King Charles of France 
— Carolus being Latin for Charles. Melendez, of whom 
we have already read on page 8, determined to expel the 
Huguenots from his territory of Florida. Marching rap- 
idly from St. Augustine, in 1565, he fell suddenly on the 
French at the fort, and put nearly all the men, women, 
and children to death. 

3. What voyage was made in 1534? What is said of the oue iu 1535? Did he 
ever make another attempt to settle ? 

4. What attempt at settlement vpas made in 1562? Where did they settle? 
What became of the band ? Where is Port Royal Inlet ? 

5. What attempt was made soon after? How soon ? Why was the fort called 
Carolina ? What happened to the colony ? 



12 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

6. De Gourdes. — The French king did nothing when the 
news of this massacre reached Europe ; but De Gourges 
{dU goorj')^ a French soldier of fortune, equipped an expe- 
dition at his own expense, and sailed secretly to Fort 
Carolina. Swift destruction came to the gari-ison. Two 
hundred Spaniards were surprised, captured, and hung on 
trees. Having taken this terrible revenge, De Gourges 
returned immediately to France. 

Y. Acadia— De Monts. — In the year 1603 a rich Hugue- 
not courtier, named De Monts {d'ti-inong')^ obtained a grant 
of all the country from what is now New York to the Isl- 
and of Cape Breton. This tract was named Acadia, and 
in 1605 the first permanent French settlement in Amer- 
ica was made on it at Port Royal, now called Annapolis. 

8. Champlain. — The distinguished explorer Champlain 
{sham-plane)^ a former companion of De Monts, founded 
Quebec on the St. Lawrence in 1608. In the spring of 
1609 he discovered the lake that bears his name. 

9. Divisions of French Territory. — Now, at last, the 
French foothold on the St. Lawrence and its neighborhood 
was secure. To the whole of that vast and little known 
region, stretching indefinitely westward, and embracing 
within its borders Canada and Acadia, was given the 
name of New France. Canada was applied to the tract 
watered by the St. Lawrence and its tributaries. Acadia 
was limited to New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and the Isl- 
and of Cape Breton {hrit'-un). 

10. Summary of French Explorations. — The principal 
points to be borne in mind are, 1. The French fishing- 
grounds in and around the Gulf of St. Lawrence, as 
early as 1500; 2. the gulf explored, and a rude chart 

6. How did the French king revenge this ? Who did revenge it ? Give an ac- 
count of this. 

7. What was Acadia at first ? Who obtained this tract? Give its fii-st settle- 
ment. Where is Annapolis? 

8. Who founded Quebec? Who was Champlain? What did he discover lu 
1G09 ? In what states is this ? 

9. Name the divisions of French territory. What was meant by New France ? 
What did Canada embrace ? What did Acadia ? Did Acadia ever embrace more ? 



DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 13 

made of it*, in 1506; 3. then came, naturally, the explo- 
ration of the St. Lawrence, in 1534 and 1535 ; and, 4. 
ATTEMPTED SETTLEMENTS on that rivev, 1535, 1541. 

11. Permanent settlements, after more than sixty 
years, were made at Port Royal in 1605, and Quebec 
in 1608. The settlements in French Carolina, 1562 
and 1564, as it was for some time called, were only tem- 
porary. The French made no claim, in after years, to 
this part of America. The French occupation was on 
the St. Lawrence and in Acadia. 

12. The EARLY SETTLERS wd'c chicfly Huguenots. Re- 
ligious persecution, or a desire for greater religious free- 
dom, sent them to America. 



ENGLISH EXPLORATIONS. 

1. Frobisher. — Eighty years passed after the voyages 
of the Cabots before any English navigators again ex- 
plored North America. In the year 1576 Martin Fro- 
bisher, in search of a north-west passage to India, entered 
the straits that bear his name. We see that one of the 
great ideas of these times was still the India trade. 

2. New Alhion— Drake. — In 1579 Sir Francis Drake 
was cruising in the Pacific in pursuit of plunder from 
Spanish merchant-ships. Sailing north, along the coast 
of California, he named it New Albion. He then enter- 
ed and explored the Bay of San Francisco, hoping to find 
a passage to the Atlantic. He then returned to England 
by way of the Cape of Good Hope. 

3. Gilbert. — About the same time an English gentle- 
man. Sir Humphrey Gilbert, became desirous of plant- 

10. Give the summary to the year 1541. 

11. Mention the permanent settlements. What is said of those in French Car- 
olina? Where was the French foothold? 

12. Who were the early settlers ? What prompted the emigration ? 

1. What exploration was made in 1576 ? What was its object ? What does this 
show ? How long was this after the Cabots ? 

2. Where was Drake in 1579 ? What explorations did he make ? What did he 
hope to find? 



14 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

ing a colony in America. For this purpose he received 
from Queen Elizabeth the grant of a large tract of laud 
on the continent. In 1583 he sailed with three vessels. 
After taking possession of the Island of Newfoundland in 
the name of the queen, he sailed toward the main-land, 
near which one of his vessels was lost. The other two 
then put back to Europe. The one in which Sir Hum- 
phrey sailed foundered, and all on board perished. 

4. Walter Raleigh (raic'lt), a half-brother of Gilbert, 
took up the plan of colonization where Gilbert's death 
had left it. Being a courtier, and a great favorite of 
Queen Elizabeth, he readily obtained an ample patent. 

5. Amidas and Barlow. — In 1584 Raleigh sent out two 
vessels, under Amidas and Barlow, to trade with the na- 
tives and explore the country. They coasted along Al- 
bemarle and Pamlico Sounds, and returned to England 
with a very favorable account of the region. It was 
named Virginia, in honor of the virgin queen ; and Ra- 
leigh received the honor of knighthood from Elizabeth. 

6. First Colony— Lane. — He immediately went to work 
with energy to plant a colony. Seven ships were sent 
out under Grenville in 1585, He landed at Roanoke Isl- 
and, where he left one hundred and ten men under Ralph 
Lane. They nearly died from starvation in the year that 
followed, and, at their urgent entreaty, were carried back 
to England by Sir Francis Drake, who was cruising near 
the coast, looking for his friend Raleigh's colony. 

1. Second Colony— White. — A second and more vigor- 
ous attempt was made by Raleigh in 1587. In that year 
John White left one hundred and seventeen men, wom- 
en, and children on Roanoke Island, and sailed back to 



3. Who was Gilbert, and what object did he have in view ? What grant did he 
receive ? What did he accomplish ? 

4. Who adopted Gilbert's scheme ? Who was Raleigh ? What did he obtain ? 

5. Whom did Raleigh send out? What did they explore? What was the re- 
sult ? What title was given him ? 

6. What preparations did Raleigh make ? Who was left in charge of the col- 
ony ? IIow many were there ? How did the colony succeed ? 



DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 15 

England for supplies. Three years passed before he re- 
turned, and then no vestige of the colony was to be found. 

8. Raleigh gives up Ms Patent. — Raleigh had spent 
nearly $200,000 in his attempts to settle a colony in Vir- 
ginia. He was now deeply in debt, and assigned his pat- 
ent to some citizens of London. These Londoners did 
not attempt to settle any colonies, but contented them- 
selves with sending trading-vessels to the coast. 

9. Gosnold— Pring. — In one of these ships Gosnold, in 
1602, discovered and named Cape Cod, Nantucket, Mar- 
tha's Vineyard, and the Elizabeth Islands. He was fol- 
lowed by a trading- vessel under Pring in 1603, who ex- 
plored a large part of the coast of Maine. 

10. Virginia divided. — King James L, who succeeded 
Elizabeth, confiscated Raleigh's patent, and paid no at- 
tention to the interests of those to whom Raleigh had as- 
signed it. He then, in 1606, divided Virginia, which was, 
in fact, the entire English claim on the continent, into 
two parts — North and Soutii Virginia. To the Lon- 
don Company he gave South Virginia, extending from 
the 34th to the 38th degree north latitude. To the 
Plymouth Company he gave North Virginia, extending 
from the 41st to the 45th degree. 

11. London Company. — The object that both companies 
had in view was the colonization of the country. The 
London Company was the first to move. An expedition 
was sent out late in 1606, which resulted in the planting 
of the colony of Jamestown, May, 1607. An account of 
this will be found in the history of Virginia. 

12. Summary of English Explorations. — Of the three 

7. When and where was the second attempt made ? What is its history ? 
S. How much had Raleigh spent on Virginia ? What was he forced to do ? 
What nse did the new owners make of the patent ? 

9. What was accomplished by Gosnold ? What by Pring ? Where are these 
places discovered by Gosnold? 

10. What finally became of Raleigh's patent? What was done with Virginia 
by the king ? What was the extent of these grants ? 

11. What did these companies mean to do with the country? Which of them 
moved first ? When, and with what result ? 



16 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 




Pum noyil/fnnch imd£r Bihault 
Islet / i^a2 



K.VllLY PISCOVEIilES AND EXPLORATIONS. 



DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 17 

maritime nations, Spain, France, and England, the last 
was the least active in America for nearly a century af- 
ter the voyages of the Cabots. 

13. The chief points to be borne in mind are, 1. explo- 
ration of California — New Albion — and the Bay of 
San Francisco, 1579; 2. attempted settlements on Ro- 
anoke Island, 1584, 1587; 3. exploration of the coast 
of Massachusetts, 1602 ; 4. division of Virginia by King 
James I. into North and South Virginia, and the grants 
to the London and Plymouth Companies; 5. the first 
permanent settlement, one hundred and ten years af- 
ter Cabot's voyage, at Jamestown, 1607. 

14. General Summary of Claims on this Continent. — 
The period just gone over properly ends with the settle- 
ment of Jamestown in 1607. But a Dutch vessel, com- 
manded by Hudson, discovered and explored the Hudson 
River in the year 1609. (See page 43.) In order, there- 
fore, to obtain a clearer idea of European claims on this 
continent, the summary includes that year. 

15. Four European nations claimed portions of the 
continent by discovery or exploration — the Spaniards, 
French, English, and Dutch. The Spanish claim of 
Florida stretched northward without any definite limits. 
It was chiefly based on the expedition of De Leon. The 
French claim, under the name of New France, extend- 
ed from New York to Labrador, and was founded on the 
voyage of Verrazani. During the following century it 
was extended to the great lakes and the entire Missis- 
sippi valley. The English claim of Virginia stretched 
from Florida as far as Labrador, and w^as based on the 
voyages of the Cabots. 

16. All these three nations claimed westward to the 
Pacific Ocean. Spain claimed the Pacific Coast by ex- 
ploration. The Dutch claim, named New Netherland, 

12. What is said of the activity of the English? 

13. Mention the principal points to be borne in mind. 

14. How many and what European nations claimed parts of North America? 

15. What was the Spanish claim ? The French ? The English ? 



18 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

in the year 1614 was based on Hudson's discovery, and 
extended from the 40th to the 45th degree north latitude. 
17. Let us notice how all this affected the English. 
The French claim overlapped Virginia on the north and 
west. The Dutch claim entered it like a wedge, up the 
Hudson, spreading out as has been already stated. The 
Spanish claim stretched up over the southern border. 
The French and Dutch claims gave the English most 
trouble, and their disputes about territory were finally 
settled at the cannon's mouth. 



TABLE OF PRINCIPAL DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS NORTH OF THE 
GULF OF MEXICO. 

Voyages from Labrador to Florida Cabots 149T-149S. 

Exploration of the Gulf of St. Lawrence Denys , 150G. 

Discovery of Florida De Leon 1512. 

Exploration of the coast north of Florida Verrazani 1524. 

Exploration of Florida. The Mississippi discovered. De Soto 1539-1542. 

Exploration of New Mexico Corouado 1540. 

Exploration of Pacific Coast Cabrillo 1542. 

Exploration of New Mexico, Rio Grande Espego 1582. 

Acadia granted and explored De Monts — 1603-1604. 

Massachusetts coast explored Gosnold 1602. 

Northern New York entered Champlaiu 1609. 

The Hudson River discovered Hudson 1609. 

FIRST PERMANENT SETTLEMENTS. 

Florida St. Augustine Melendez Spanish 1565. 

New Mexico Santa Fe Espego Spanish 1 582. 

Acadia Port Royal De Monts French 1605. 

Virginia Jamestown Newport English 160T. 

Canada Quebec Charaplain French 1608. 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

1. What ideas had Europeans of the extent of the world previous to the dis- 
covery of Columbus? 

2. Give an account of tlie India trade of those early times. 

3. To what did it lead, and why? 

4. Why is Portugal connected with the mention of this trade ? 

16. What is said of their western boundaries ? Of the Dutch claim ? 

IT. How was the English claim affected by that of the French ? By that of the 
Dutch? How much trouble arose from the Spanish claim? Be prepared to re- 
cite, and write out from memory, the above tables. 



DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 19 

5. Give the early history of Columbus— the growth of his great idea— and his 
struggles for assistance. 

6. State the connection of Ferdinand and Isabella with Columbus. 

7. How many voyages did he make, and when ? 

8. What was his own belief about his discoveries ? Why ? 

9. Give the story of the naming of America. 

10. Give an account of the voyages of the Cabots. 

11. What claim was founded on them ? 

12. Give the leading Spanish expeditions from 1498-1585. 

13. Which of these belong to the history of the United States ? 

14. Narrate De Soto's expedition. How far did Florida extend? 

15. What attempts were made by another nation to settle there ? With what 
result ? 

16. Where else did the French attempt to settle on the coast of America? 

17. Name the explorers connected with the St. Lawrence. 

18. What did these early French and English explorers hope to find ? 

19. What Englishman first explored San Francisco Bay? His object? 

20. Where and when did the English attempt settlements previous to 1600? 

21. Give a brief history of the attempts at Roanoke. 

22. Give the dates of— 1. the settlement of St. Augustine; 2. Santa F6; 3. the 
St. Lawrence ; 4. Jamestown ; 5. Port Royal ; 6. Quebec. 

23. With what explorations was Gosnold connected ? 

24. Who was Henry Hudson ? 

25. What was the original extent of "Virginia? 

26. What division was made of Virginia in 1606 ? To whom granted ? 

27. What use was made of the grants? 

28. How many and what European nations were connected with the North 
American Continent previous to 1610 ? Give the extent of their claims. 

29. Give a summary of Spanish discovery and explorations. 

30. Give a summary of French discovery and explorations. 

31. Give a summary of English discovery and explorations. 

32. Give, from the table, the principal explorations north of the Gulf of Mexico. 



20 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 




CHAPTER II. 

COLONIAL HISTORY. 

FROM THE SETTLEMENT OF JAMESTOWN, 1607, TO THE COMMENCEMENT 
OF THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR, 1754. 



PART I.— VIRGINIA AND MARYLAND. 

VIRGINIA. 

1. Under the first Charter, 1606-1609.— In the division 
of the territory of Virginia, South Virginia was given to 
the London Company. In December, 1606, shortly after 
receiving this grant, they sent out three vessels, under 
Christopher Newport, to form a settlement at Roanoke 
Island. This was the place where the English had al- 
ready met with so many disasters. 

2. The Voyage. — A storm drove the vessels north of 
this point, and they entered Chesapeake Bay. They 
finally sailed up the River Powhatan, and on a spot fifty 



1. What grant was given to the London Company ' 
of it? 



Wha^ use did they make 



COLONIAL HISTORY — VIRGINIA. 21 

miles from its mouth they formed a settlement, May, 
1607. This, in honor of the king, they called Jamestown, 
and the river they named the James. 

3. Character of the Settlers. — There were 105 men in 
all, but, for the most part, they were poorly fitted to found 
a colony in an unbroken wilderness, being quite unused 
to labor. They had no wives nor families with them, 
and came only to dig gold, and then return to England 
to enjoy it. They landed in May, and by September fol- 
lowing fifty of them had died of disease and exposure. 

4. Government of the Colony. — The little colony was 
governed by a council of seven, selected by King James 
before the colonists left England. Of the members of 
this council by far the ablest was John Smith ; but the 
others were jealous of him, and put him under arrest while 
on board ship. On their arrival at Jamestown, they at 
first prevented him from taking his seat in the council, 
but Smith soon compelled them to receive him. 

5. Smith saves the Colony. — When the colony seemed 
to be going to ruin, in the fall of 1607, and the other 
councilors were unable to regulate its afi*airs, the settlers 
were glad enough to put every thing into the hands 
of Smith. He was a brave, energetic, and cheerful man. 
He gained the confidence of the Indians, and obtained 
supplies of corn. He raised the spirits of the settlers by 
persuading them to build log-houses, and in this way kept 
them from brooding over their troubles. At length af- 
fairs began to brighten under his management. 

6. His Capture by the Indians. — While he was explor- 
ing the River Chickahominy, in the winter, he was taken 
prisoner by the Indians. There is a romantic story that 



2. Where and when did they settle ? Why did they change their intention ? 
What names were given ? 

3. What is said of the settlers ? What befell them in a few months ? 

4. What is said of the government of the colony? What occurred on their 
voyage, and after their arrival ? 

5. In what way did Smith rise into importance in the colony ? What is said 
of his conduct and influence ? 



22 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

his life was saved by a young girl, Pocahontas, the daugh- 
ter of the chief Powhatan, who threw herself between 
Smith and the clubs of his executioners. Whether this 
be true or not. Smith was not killed by the Indians, but 
was allowed to return to Jamestown after an absence 
of seven weeks. 

7. Smith again saves the Colony. — On his arrival, he 
found every thing in disorder. Some of the colonists 
were jDreparing to escape to England in the little vessel 
belonging to the company. Smith was able to prevent 
their doing this; and in a short time, though not with- 
out threats of severity, he succeeded once more in redu- 
cing the colony to order, 

8. New Settlers— Smith's Explorations. — There arrived 
from England in the spring of 1608 about one hundred 
and twenty colonists, who were no better than the first. 
They spent their time digging and washing some " glit- 
tering earth," which they mistook for gold. With this 
they loaded the vessels to be sent back to England. 
Smith warned them of their folly, but it was of no use, 
and he started to explore the Chesapeake Bay and the 
rivers that flow into it. After sailing more than three 
thousand miles, he returned to Jamestown. The map 
that he made of the bay is still preserved. 

9. The Company complain. — The company in London 
were beginning to grow impatient. They had received 
no return for the money they had spent on the colony, and 
they sent out a very angry letter to Jamestown. Smith, 
who was now President of the Council, wrote back that 
"it were better to send out thirty working-men than a 
thousand like the present colonists." 

10. The Second Charter— 1609 to 1612.— In 1609 the com- 



6. What occurred on the Chickahominy ? 

7. What did Smith find on his return to Jamestown ? How did he act? 

8. What addition was made to the colony? In what way did they busy them- 
selves ? How did Smith employ himself meanwhile ? What was the extent of 
his voyage ? 

9. What is said of the Loudon Company ? How did Smith reply ? 



COLONIAL HISTORY — VIRGINIA. 23 

pany obtained from the crown a new and more favorable 
charter. They at once determined to act with greater 
vigor, and in the summer of 1609 sent out nine ships, with 
five hundred colonists. Lord Delaware was appointed 
governor, but he did not sail with the ships. 

11. The new Emigrants at Jamestown. — One of these 
ships, carrying the commissioners who were to govern 
the colony until the arrival of Lord Delaware, was strand- 
ed on the Bermudas, and compelled to remain all winter. 
Seven of the vessels arrived at Jamestown in the month 
of August. Among the passengers there was no person 
of authority, and they refused to obey Smith, asserting 
that Lord Delaware had been appointed governor. But 
Smith told them that he would act as governor until 
Delaware's arrival. This he did, notwithstanding their 
threats, and brought them quickly to obedience. 

12. Smith leaves the Colony— the Starving-time. — This 
was not long, however. In October he was severely 
wounded by an explosion of a small bag of gunpowder, 
and was compelled to sail to England for surgical aid. 
Soon after Smith left, every thing ran rapidly to ruin. 
The provisions were wasted; sickness spread rapidly; 
and of five hundred persons there remained only sixty 
when the winter was past. These terrible winter months 
of 1609-1610 were long remembered in the colony as the 
" starving-time." 

13. The Colony saved— 1610. — In May the shipwrecked 
men arrived from the Bermudas, and saved the misera- 
ble remnant from death. But they brought only a small 
stock of provisions, and in June they all concluded to 
leave Jamestown and disperse among the fishing-vessels 
ofi* Newfoundland. Before they left the river, Lord Del- 
aware arrived with provisions and settlers. He persua- 

10. What change took place iu 1G09 ? What effect had this on the company ? 

11. What happened to the expedition? How did the new settlers behave? 
What did Smith do ? 

12. What unfortunate occurrence soon took place, and when? What effect 
was produced by Smith's leaving ? By what name was this long known ? 



24 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 




ded them to return, and 
Jamestown was once 
more saved. 

14. Third Charter-1612 
to 1624. — An important 
change was made in the 
charter of the company 
in the year 1612. The 
members were allowed 
more voice in the man- 
agement of its affairs. It 
thus became more dem- 
ocratic, and was less un- 
der the influence of the 
king. But this did not 
greatly help the growth 
of the colony. 

15. Tobacco-planting. — 
The first thing that gave life and vigor to Jamestown 
came from its own settlers. In 1615 the cultivation of 
tobacco began, and spread with great rapidity. The 
settlers found a ready market for the plant in Europe, 
where Raleigh had introduced the custom of smoking 
thirty years before. We can see how valuable the staple 
became, for it was used as the currency of the colony. 

16. First Colonial Assembly. — In 1619 the first colonial 
assembly of Virginia met at Jamestown. It was com- 
posed of planters or " burgesses," elected from districts 
called " boroughs." 

17. Importation of Women. — That which put the colony 
on a still firmer footing was the arrival of a number of 
young women, who became Avives to the planters. They 



EAKLV eETTLEMEWTB IN VIRGINIA AND 
MARYLAND. 



13. What did the remainder do in the spring ? How were they saved ? 

14. What change took place in 1612 ? What rights did it grant? 

15. What plant became the staple of the colony ? When was it first cultivated ? 
From what circumstance can we see its value ? 

IC. In what year did the first colonial assembly of Virginia meet? Where? 
Of what was it composed ? 



COLONIAL HISTORY VIRGINIA. 25 

were sent out in 1619, as a business speculation, and the 
purchasers paid 100 lbs. of tobacco, worth then about 
$75, for a wife. The consignment paid so well that more 
were sent out in 1621, who were readily disposed of for 
150 lbs. of tobacco apiece. 

18. Negro Slavery— Cotton first planted.— Two events 
of vast importance in the after-history of America oc- 
curred about the same time. In the year 1620 a Dutch 
trading-vessel arrived at Jamestown, with twenty ne- 
groes. These were sold as slaves to the settlers. This 
was the beginning of negro slavery in the English col- 
onies. In the year 1621 some seeds of cotton were first 
planted at Jamestown as an experiment. Its cultivation 
did not spread, however, for many years. 

19. Indian Massacre. — The settlers were at last begin- 
ning to be prosperous and contented. The plantations, 
or collections of farms, numbered eighty, and stretched 
to a considerable distance from Jamestown. The In- 
dians, who had thus been pushed back, looked Avith ha- 
tred on the white men, who had their lands, and in 1622 
fell suddenly on the settlers with frightful vengeance. In 
one morning three hundred and forty-seven persons were 
killed, and the number of plantations was reduced from 
eighty to eight. The Indians, after a long and bloody 
war, were finally driven back from the settlements. 

20. London Company dissolved— Second Indian War. — 
The disasters of the colony produced quarrels among the 
London stockholders. King James I. shortly dissolved 
the company, and declared the charter forfeited to the 
crown. Virginia then became a royal province, after be- 
ing seventeen years under the London Company. In 1644 
the Indians a second time suddenly attacked and mas- 

17. What important cargoes arrrived in 1620 and 1621 ? What Is said of these ? 
How did they benefit the colony ? 

18. What other arrival was there iu 1620? What seeds were first planted 
about this time ? 

19. What broke out in 1622? How far did the colonists expect this? What 
was the extent of the disaster, and the final result ? 

B 



26 HISTOEY OP THE UNITED STATES. 

sacred the settlers. Another Indian war followed, at the 
end of which the savages were comjielled to submit. 

21. Virginia under the Parliament. — The great civil war 
in England broke out during the reign of King James's 
son, Charles I. The king quarreled with his Parliament, 
and war followed. The latter triumphed, and beheaded 
Charles. Cromwell then came into power as Protector 
of England. During the struggle Virginia remained loy- 
al to the crown. 

22. The Navigation Act. — For this loyalty his son 
Charles II. showed little gratitude when he was placed 
on the throne. In 1660 was passed the Navigation Act, 
a most oppressive measure, which was made still more 
so in 1663. By this act the American colonists were 
compelled to ship their staples to England alone. They 
were forced also to buy all their European goods there. 
Still more, the carrying -trade was confined to English 
vessels. The act pressed heavily on the productions of 
Virginia, which were increasing rapidly. 

23. Bacon's Rebellion. — The colonists were far from be- 
ing at peace among themselves. The rich planters and 
officeholders levied taxes for their own benefit, and the 
mass of the people had to pay them. An Indian war 
broke out in the year 1676, and this gave the people an 
opportunity of showing their feelings. Governor Berke- 
ley refused to give them arms for their defense. There- 
upon 500 men rallied around a young man by the name 
of Bacon, and marched against the Indians. Berkeley 
immediately proclaimed Bacon a rebel. Bacon, in turn, 
attacked and defeated Berkeley. In the struggle, the 
village of Jamestown was burnt — never to be rebuilt. 

20. To what event did these misfortunes lead ? How was the colony under the 
company ? How many charters were there ? 

21. How was Virginia affected by the civil war in England? From what did 
this war arise ? What was its result ? 

22. How did Charles II. treat the American Colonies? Describe some of the 
provisions of the Navigation Act. 

23. From what other cause did the colonists have trouble ? When and in what 
way did these reach a crisis ? Describe what followed. 



COLONIAL HISTORY MARYLAND. 27 

24. Bacon's Death— Berkeley's Revenge. — While in the 
midst of his success, Bacon suddenly died. He was the 
life of his party, and his followers, being left without a 
leader, scattered to their homes. Berkeley came again 
info power, and hanged twenty-three of the rebels, as he 
called them. So cruel did his conduct seem to the easy- 
going king, Charles II., that the latter said of him, "The 
old fool has hanged more men in that naked country 
than I did in England for the murder of my father." 

25. Virginia granted to two Favorites. — In 1673 Vir- 
ginia was granted to two royal favorites. Lords Arling- 
ton and Culpepper, for thirty-one years. Culpepper final- 
ly obtained the entire grant, and was appointed govern- 
or for life in 1677. In 1684 he surrendered his patent to 
the crown. Virginia thus again became a royal prov- 
ince, and so remained until the American Revolution. 

MARYLAND. 

1. The Grant. — The territory of Maryland was origin- 
ally a part of Virginia. In the year 1632 King Charles I. 
granted to George Calvert — Lord Baltimore — a tract of 
land north of the Potomac. To this was given the name 
of Marj^land, in honor of the queen, Henrietta Maria. 

2. The Charter— its Liberality. — Lord Baltimore's pur- 
pose was to found in America a colony for persecuted 
Catholics. He died, however, before the patent for the 
grant received the king's seal, and it was made out in the 
name of Cecil, his son. The charter was the first that 
secured to the people of any colony in America the right 
to make their own laws. It also declared that all Chris- 
tian sects should enjoy equal rights throughout the ter- 
ritory of Maryland. 

24. How did the rebellion end ? What is said of Berkeley's conduct ? 

25. What occurred in 16T3? How long had it been a royal province? How 
long did it remain under the new proprietors ? 

1. What is said of the territory of Maryland ? What of the grant ? To whom 
made, and when ? Why named Maryland ? Where is the Potomac ? 

2. What was the object of Lord Baltimore ? What is remarkable about the 
charter ? 



28 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

3. Opposing Claim. — Meanwliile one William Clayborne, 
from Virginia, bad already established, under license from 
the king, two trading-posts within the limits of Maryland. 
One of these was at the mouth of the Susquehanna, the 
other on an island in the Chesapeake. Clayborne felt 
that Baltimore's grant interfered with his right. 

4. First Settlers— Trouble with Clayborne.— In Febru- 
ary, 1C34, Leonard Calvert, brother of Lord Baltimore, 
arrived in Chesapeake Bay with a company of Catholics. 
On March 27 he settled on the site of an Indian village, 
which he named St. Mary's. Clayborne soon began to 
quarrel with the colonists ; but was compelled to flee to 
Virginia. In 1644 he returned, and, after a short strug- 
gle, Governor Calvert was compelled to flee. Then, in 
1646, Calvert returned, and drove off" Clayborne. 

5. The Toleration Act. — The year 1649 is celebrated in 
the history of Maryland for the passage of the " Tolera- 
tion Act." This famous law secured to all Christians 
the right to worship God according to their own con- 
sciences, which right had already been embodied in the 
charter. 

6. Fresh Trouble from Clayborne. — In the year 1652 
Clayborne, the old enemy of the colony, reappeared in 
Maryland. He came as one of the commissioners from 
the Parliament of England sent out to look after " the 
plantations within Chesapeake Bay." These men forced 
the governor. Stone, to resign ; and when his friends took 
up arms, the latter were defeated, and several of the chief 
men were hung. 

7. Maryland a Royal Province. — For three years the col- 
ony was in constant turmoil with the quarrels between 
Protestants and Catholics. There were two governments, 

3. Who claimed a part of the territory ? By what ri^ht ? 

4. Where and when did the first colonists settle? Who led them? State the 
troubles that soon followed. 

5. What important act was passed, and when? Why was its mention in the 
charter not enough ? 

6. When and how did Clayborne return ? What took plivce ? 



COLONIAL HISTORY MASSACHUSETTS. 



29 



and almost hopeless confusion. Finally, in 1660, the 
friends of Lord Baltimore gained the mastery. This con- 
tinued until 1691, when King William III. made Mary- 
land a royal province, and it remained so for twenty-one 
years. 

8. Proprietary Government. — In 1715 the fourth Lord 
Baltimore was restored to his rights. At his death the 
territory passed into the hands of the fifth Lord Balti- 
more, who continued proprietor until the Revolution. 



PLYMOUTH 1620 




PART II.— NEW ENGLAND COLONIES. 

MASSACHUSETTS. 

1. Exploration of North Virginia.— By the charter of 
King James I., North Virginia was given to the Plymouth 
Company. In the fall of 1607 they sent some settlers to 
the mouth of the Kennebec, but these only remained one 

7. How long did disturbances continue ? What change tools place in the gov- 
ernment? 

8. When was it restored to Lord Baltimore? How long did it remain under 
proprietors ? 



30 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

winter. For some years after this the coast was visited 
only by fishing or trading vessels. The famous John 
Smith was engaged in this business off the coast of Mas- 
sachusetts in the year 1614. In a ship's boat, with eight 
men, he explored the shores from the Penobscot to Cape 
Cod, and made a chart of the country, which he named 
New England. 

2. The "Great Patent."— On Smith's return to England, 
he persuaded the Plymouth Company to apply to the 
king for a new grant. This they obtained in the year 
1620, and it was known as the " Great Patent." It gave 
to forty noble and influential persons, as " the Council for 
New England," the whole country between the 40th and 
48th degrees of north latitude, westward to the Pacific, 
and covering more than 1,000,000 square miles. 

3. The Puritan "Pilgrims." — The first permanent set- 
tlement on this tract was not made under the Council for 
New England, but by a small band of persecuted English 
Protestants, called Puritans. They first went from En- 
gland to Amsterdam, in Holland, in 1608; thence they 
removed to Leyden [ll'-den), and from their wanderings 
they assumed the name of " Pilgrims." Soon wearying 
of Holland, with its foreign language and manners, and 
being very poor, they determined to emigrate to Amer- 
ica. With much difficulty they obtained from the Lon- 
don Company a small grant of land in South Virginia. 

4. The Speedwell and Mayflower. — They bought a little 
vessel, which they named the Speedwell. In this a por- 
tion of them sailed from Delft Haven in 1620, and landed 
first at Southampton, in England. Plere they were joined 
by the Mayflower, with another band of "Pilgrims" from 
London, and then sailed for America. 

1. To what company was North Virginia given ? What use did they make of 
their grant ? What explorations were made ? 

2. What new grant was given, and when ? By whose persuasion was this 
sought for ? 

3. Who first settled on the tract? What is said of them? What grant did 
they get from the Plymouth Company ? 

4. State the preparations they made for emigrating. 



COLONIAL HISTORY MASSACHUSETTS. 31 

5. The Speedwell condemned, — The Speedwell was quick- 
ly found to be leaky, and, after two attempts, both ves- 
sels finally put back to Plymouth, where the Speedwell 
was condemned as unseaworthy. The little Mayflower, 
crowded with men, women, and children to the number 
of 101, set sail alone, September 16, 1620. 

6. The Voyage— the Landing. — We can readily under- 
stand what a wearisome voyage it must have been, in 
this crowded condition, and lasting as it did sixty-three 
days. The first land they saw was Cape Cod. Though 
this was far north of the limits of South Virginia, they 
were so worn out by confinement that they determined 
to anchor in Cape Cod Harbor. On the 21st of Decem- 
ber, 1620, they landed on the place chosen for a settle- 
ment, and named it New Plymouth. 

7. Their Form of Government. — They were now within 
the limits of the Plymouth Company's tract, where they 
had no grant of land or powers of government. They ac- 
cordingly signed a " compact," or agreement, before they 
left the Mayflower, " to govern themselves for the com- 
mon good," and chose John Carver governor for one year. 

8. Early Sufferings. — The colonists suffered severely 
from the eflects of their voyage, and from exposure in 
their new settlement in the cold wintry weather. Half 
their number died during the first five months; among 
these was Governor Carver. Fortunately, the Indians 
proved friendly, and a treaty was made with Massasoit 
{mas-sas'o-it), their chief, early in 1621. 

9. A Charter obtained. — The colony grew very slowly, 
and their London friends, who had assisted them with 
money, began to grow impatient for returns. In the year 
1627 the Londoners sold out their interest to leading col- 

5. Did both vessels sail? Why did both not finally go? How many persons 
sailed ? When ? 

6. IIow long was the voyage ? Where did they first see land ? Where did 
they anchor, and finally land ? Why did they determine to settle here ? 

7. In what condition did the Pilgrims find themselves ? What did they do ? 

8. How did they bear the climate and the new country ? How did the Indians 
behave ? 



32 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



onists for 9000 dollars. In 1630 a charter, containing a 
grant of land embracing New Plymouth, was obtained 
from the Council for New England. The after history of 
Plymouth Colony is closely connected with that of Mas- 
sachusetts Bay Colony, on which we now enter. 






^(/HANIPSHIRC 




laaCLtFIE.LO 



c cere ^»J 



, <vCape Ann 

SALEM C^Vf^ J 



f I «> „ VaGRCCVF/Ei.O c cere "< 



>^^^s,?.^c,w\i'=>^"\TS 



if "^ Uprovide _ ' ( 






^v 




NEW ENGLA>ri> COLONIES AND PART OF NEW NETHEELANDS. 

10. Endicott's Grant— In the year 1628, John Endicott 
and others obtained from the Council for New England 
a grant of territory bounded by a line three miles south 
of the Charles River and Massachusetts Bay, and three 
miles north of every part of the River Merrimac. Under 
this grant, a settlement was begun at Salem the same 
year. Presently fresh settlers arrived from England, and 
Chaelestown was founded in 1629. 



9. How did the colony succeed ? What followed ? When did they first obtain 
a grant of land ? How long were they in America without a grant ? 

10. What grant was obtained in 1628 ? What places were settled, and wh§n ? 



COLONIAL HISTORY MASSACHUSETTS. 33 

11. Change in the Charter. — In the charter it was pro- 
vided that the governor should reside in England. This 
was changed in 1629, and his residence, together with 
the charter, was transferred to the colony. Many of the 
best Puritan families in England at once determined 
to emigrate; and in 1630, 1500 settlers arrived, some at 
Salem, and others at Charlestown. A portion of these, 
under the new governor, Johx Wixthrop, settled Boston. 

12. Early Sufferings. — Although they were better pro- 
vided than the New Plymouth colonists, the winter of 
1630 made sad havoc among the settlers in Massachu- 
setts Bay. Before December passed, two hundred of them 
died. But fresh arrivals came, and the colonv grew rap- 
idly. 

13. Religious Intolerance. — The Puritans had sought 
America to obtain religious freedom; but when they ar- 
rived here, they allowed little difference in opinion among 
themselves. Roger Williams, minister of the Salem 
Church, claimed that no power on earth could bind the 
conscience of men in religion. For this and other opin- 
ions he was banished from the colony in the year 1635. 
Another instance will show how far they carried this in- 
tolerance. An able woman, Mrs. Hutchinson, held meet- 
ings of her own sex, where she advanced new views on 
religious matters. This was not to be permitted, and in 
1637 she also was sentenced to banishment. Such a sen- 
tence meant the sufferings of the wilderness, and the 
company of Indians. 

14. Harvard College founded. — In 1637 the freemen of 
the colony, meeting in " General Court," set apart about 
1000 dollars to found a seminary at Xewtown. Two 
years after John Harvard left to this school his library 

11. What important change was made in 1629 ? How did this affect the col- 
ony? What place was now settled, and when ? 

12. What is said of their early sufferings? 

13. For what chiefly had the Pilgrims and Puritans come to America? How 
did they treat those who differed from them ? State about Williams. Give the 
particulars of Mrs. Hutchinson's case. What did banishment mean ? 

B2 



34 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

and nearly 4000 dollars besides. It was then named Har- 
vard College, and the name of Newtown was changed to 
Cambridge, the seat of a famous English university. 

15. New England Union. — Three colonies, settled prin- 
cipally from Massachusetts, had in the mean time sprung 
into existence. These were New Haven, Connecticut, 
and Rhode Island. In the year 1643 the colonies of 
Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay, New Haven, and Connecti- 
cut formed a union for mutual protection against the 
Dutch of New Netherlands, French, and Indians. This 
lasted for more than forty years. Rhode Island was re- 
fused admission because she would not acknowledge the 
authority of Plymouth Colony, which claimed the terri- 
tory. 

16. Religious Persecution. — Some members of a perse- 
cuted sect called Quakers arrived from England in 1656. 
They held peculiar views, the spread of which the Mas- 
sachusetts authorities thought to stop by banishing the 
Quakers from the colony. This only brought greater 
numbers, of whom four were hanged, and many were im- 
prisoned and cruelly punished. They gloried in their 
sufferings, and their steadfastness and patience at last 
wrought such a change on popular feeling that the per- 
secution was stopped. 

17. Navigation Act. — New England felt severely the 
oppression of the Navigation Act mentioned in the his- 
tory of Virginia. The colonists had already a thriving 
business in ship-building and commerce. This was ruined 
by the Act, and the loss naturally produced great indig- 
nation against the mother country. 

18. The Indians— King Philip. — The treaty of peace 
with the Indians continued unbroken until the year 1675. 

14 Give the origin and founding of Harvard College. What was the old name 
of Cambridge, and why changed? 

15. What important union was formed? What was its object? How long did 
it last? 

10. Who were the Quakers ? What is said of their treatment in Massachusetts ? 

17. How did the Navigation Act affect Massachusetts ? State the provisions 
of this act. See Virginia. 



COLONIAL HISTORY — MASSACHUSETTS. 35 

Massasoit, the old chief, died, and his son Philip became 
his successor. Philip had long brooded over the grow- 
ing power of the whites, and the loss of the hunting- 
grounds of his tribe. The colonists, on the other hand, 
were too ready to believe that Philip was their enemy. 

19. King Philip's War. — A converted Indian, who lived 
with Pliilip, told the Plymouth people that the Indian 
chief was plotting their destruction. Soon after the in- 
former was found murdered. Then the colonists huns^ 
three Indians charged with the crime. Philip, in revenge, 
attacked Swanzey, 35 miles southwest from Plymouth, in 
June, 1675, and killed some settlers. The colonists flew 
to arms. Philip united the New England tribes, and 
soon along the frontier settlements on and near the Con- 
necticut fire and blood marked tlie track of the Indians. 

20. End of the War— Death of Philip.— The war contin- 
ued until August, 1676. Philip made the most extraor- 
dinary exertions, but the energy, resources, and numbers 
of the colonists prevailed. Philip, broken-spirited, and 
almost alone, went back to his old home at Mount Hope, 
where he was shot, in August, by a treacherous Indian. 
His little son was sold as a slave. This ended what is 
known as King Philip's War. 

21. The Charter annulled. — The people of Boston, in 
resisting the "Navigation Act," compelled one of the offi- 
cers of customs to return to England. King Charles 11. 
at once resented this as an afi"ront, and, to punish the 
colony, proceeded to annul the charter of Massachusetts. 
He died before this was done, and his successor, James 
II., completed the work. 

22. Royal Grovernment. — The charters of the other 
New England colonies were also taken away, and Ed- 

IS. Who was Kiug Philip ? What is said of his feelings toward the whites ? 

19. What directly brought on the war? How did Philip revenge this? How 
far did hostilities extend ? 

20. How long did they continue? Describe the last days of Philip. How 
long did the war last ? Where was Mount Hope ? 

21. What important change occurred ? Why was this ? 



36 HISTORY OP THE UNITED STATES. 

mnnd Andres, " the tyrant," as he was called, was ap- 
pomted royal governor of New England in 1686. When 
his master. King James, was expelled from the throne in 
1689, the Massachusetts people heard the news with great 
rejoicing, and quickly sent off the tyrannical Andros to 
England under arrest. 

23. First Intercolonial War— King William's. — The ex- 
pulsion of James from the English throne was followed 
by the reign of William of Orange, known as William III. 
This change involved the English colonies in a war with 
the French on their borders. The French king took up 
the cause of the exiled James, and proclaimed war against 
England in 1689. The French coloi\ists united with the 
Indians, and attacked the settlements of New York and 
New Hampshire. 

24. Principal Events. — The English colonists were not 
idle. In 1690 Massachusetts sent out an expedition 
against Acadia, which captured Port Royal, and returned 
with a great amount of plunder. A second expedition, 
by land and water, proved a costly failure The war was 
ended by the treaty of Ryswick {riz'icik) in 1697, and 
Acadia was restored to France. 

25. Salem Witchcraft. — While the war was going on, a 
remarkable delusion broke out at Salem on the subject of 
witchcraft, in 1692. It spread rapidly through the col- 
ony, and before long nearly one hundred persons were 
in prison, charged with what was called the crime. At 
first they were principally old women that were arrest- 
ed. Soon charges were made against some of the first 
families in the colony, and a special court tried and 
hanged twenty of the prisoners. One of the hanged was 
a clergyman. When the excitement reached its height, 
eight persons were under sentence of death, and the jails 

22. What events followed? Who was appointed governor? How was his ad- 
ministration brought to an end? 

23. What involved the French and English colonies in war? Why then is this 
called King William's War? 

24. Mention the principal events. By what was it closed ? 



COLONIAL HISTOJIY MASSACHUSETTS. 37 

were full of prisoners awaiting trial. This excessive se- 
verity worked a cure ; the people began to see their fol- 
ly, and in 1693 all the prisoners were discharged. 

26. Massachusetts under Royal Government. — Another 
important event took place during the war. In the year 
1692 Massachusetts, Maine, and Nova Scotia were united 
in one province, under the name of Massachusetts. From 
this time onward to the Revolution the colony remained 
under royal government. 

27. Second Intercolonial War — Queen Anne's. — King 
William's War ended in 1697. Five years after, war 
broke out in Europe between England and France, and 
the colonies in America were forced into the quarrel. 
The war sprang out of the conduct of the French king, 
Louis XIV. When James, the exiled English monarch, 
died in France, Louis proclaimed his son king of England. 
This was deemed by the English an insult to Queen Anne, 
and war was declared in 1702. 

28. Principal Events. — In America the suffering fell 
chiefly on the frontier inhabitants of New England and 
South Carolina. The active operations of the Northern 
colonies were directed against the French in Acadia and 
Canada. Port Royal, in Acadia, was captured in 1710. 
The expedition against Canada proved a failure. Hos- 
tilities were terminated by the treaty of Utrecht {u4rekt)^ 
in 1713. By it Great Britain gained Acadia, which was 
made a province, under the old name of Nova Scotia. 

29. Third Intercolonial War — King George's. — Thirty 
years of peace followed. George II. now reigned in En- 
gland. Disputes arose in Europe about the succession to 
the Austrian throne, and France and England took op- 

25. When and how did the witchcraft excitement arise? To what length did 
this extend? How was it stopped ? 

2(3. How long did Massachusetts govern itself after Andros left ? What hap- 
pened in 1G92? 

27, When did Queen Anne's War begin ? What was the cause of it ? How 
many years were there between this and King William's War? 

28. Give the principal events. How long did it last? What territory did 
Great Britain gain on this continent by the treaty ? 



38 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

posite sides. War followed, and the colonies in North 
America were once more compelled to fight in a Euro- 
pean quarrel. 

30. Principal Event. — The war began in 1*744. The 
principal event in America was the capture of the strong 
French fortress of Louisburg, on Cape Breton {brit'-un) 
Island. This success was very gratifying to the North- 
ern colonies, because the capture was mainly the result 
of their own efforts. It surrendered June 28, 1745. 

31. End of the War— its Results. — The war was ended 
in 1748 by the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle {akes-ld-shd-pel')^ 
in Prussia. Louisburg, the capture of which had cost the 
colonies so much effort, was restored to France. 

These three wars have been placed in the history of 
Massachusetts, because she was the most powerful New 
England colony. But all the New England colonies join- 
ed actively in them, and bore their own share of suffering. 

CONNECTICUT. 

1. The Connecticut Grant. — The Council of Plymouth 
in the year 1630 granted to the Earl of Warwick a tract 
of land extending one hundred and twenty miles along 
the coast west of the Narragansett River, and from the 
Atlantic to the Pacific. Next year he transferred the 
grant to Lord Say-and-Seal and Lord Brooke, with other 
English gentlemen. 

2. Dutch Claim— English settle Windsor. — The Dutch 
of New Netherlands claimed the land along the Connecti- 
cut River. In the year 1633 they built a block- house, 
on the present site of Hartford, to command the valley. 
Some traders from New Plymouth, not heeding this, sail- 

29. What was the cause of King George's War? How many years had passed 
since ? 

30. What were the principal events? 

31. What ended the war? How many years did it last? What is said of one 
of the places captured during the war ? Why are these three wars given under 
Massachusetts Colony? 

1. When and to whom was the grant of the present State of Connecticut 
made ? What was its extent ? What change in proprietors took place ? 



COLONIAL HISTORY CONNECTICUT. 39 

ed past the fort, and set up a trading-house at Windsor 
the same year. Two years after sixty emigrants came 
across the wilderness from Massachusetts, and settled 
near these traders. 

3. Saybrook Colony. — In the same year, 1635, a fort was 
built at the mouth of the river to close it against the 
Dutch. It was named after the two proprietors. Say and 
Brooke. This was the beginning of Saybrook Colony. 

4. Connecticut Colony. — Next year, 1636, one hundred 
persons from the neighborhood of Boston, under the 
Kev. Thomas Hooker, settled at Windsor, Hartford, and 
Wethersfield. The settlements took the name of the 
Connecticut Colony, and were under the protection of 
Massachusetts. 

5. Pequod War. — These settlements were scarcely be- 
gun, before the Pequod Indians commenced depredations 
around the Saybrook Colony. This was toward the close 
of the year 1636. Next year they extended their rav- 
ages up the river as far as Wethersfield. The Connecti- 
cut towns promptly raised a force of some eighty men 
for their defense, and placed them under Captain Mason. 
He pushed the war with so much vigor that by the end 
of the year 1637 nine hundred Pequods had perished, and 
the tribe was exterminated. 

6. Government of the Colony. — In 1639 the settlers 
agreed on a plan of government. It was based on the 
great idea that all power springs from the people. Under 
this agreement, all residents of good character were de- 
clared freemen. Every officer was chosen by these free- 
men. The Connecticut Colony is therefore the first exam- 
ple of a pure democratic form of government in America. 

2. Who claimed a large part of the territory ? How did they attempt to keep it ? 
What is said of the English settlement ? Where did the settlers come from ? 

3. What was the origin of Saybrook Colony ? Why so named ? 

4. Describe the origin of Connecticut Colony. Was it independent at first? 

5. When and where did an Indian war break out ? Give the progress and re- 
sult of the war. How long did it last ? 

6. What is said of the government of Connecticut Colony ? Why is it remark- 
able ? 



40 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

7. New Haven Colony was founded in the year 1638 by 
a body of emigrants under the Rev. John Davenport and 
Theophilus Eaton. The first place of settlement was at 
New Haven, on land purchased from the Indians. It was 
a purely religious colony ; that is, the Bible was made 
the only rule of government, and only members of the 
clnirch were allowed to be freemen. In this we see it 
was quite diiferent from the Connecticut Colony. 

8. Union into one Colony. — Until the year 1644 there 
were three colonies within the limits of the present State 
of Connecticut. In that year the remaining proprietor 
of Saybrook Colony sold his interest therein to the Con- 
necticut Colony. In the year 1665 New Haven was united 
to Connecticut, under the most liberal charter ever given 
to any of the colonies. Its provisions were nearly the 
same as those adopted by the people in 1639, and it was 
so perfect that no change was made in it for many years 
after Connecticut became a State. 

9. Attempt to seize the Charter. — Andros, the royal 
governor of New England, already spoken of, tried to get 
possession of this famous charter. In 1687 he went to 
Hartford, where the Connecticut Assembly were in ses- 
sion, and demanded that it should be given to him. It 
was brought out and placed on the table. The discus- 
sion that followed was long and earnest, and ran into the 
night. Suddenly the lights were extinguished. In the 
darkness a trusty hand carried off the precious parch- 
ment and hid it in the hollow of a tree, which was fa- 
mous for more than 150 years after as the Charter Oak. 
When Andros was expelled from New England, the char- 
ter was taken from its hiding-place, and the old govern- 
ment was quietly resumed. 

7. When and by whom was New Haven founded? How did it differ from 
Connecticut Colony ? 

8. How many and what colonies were there in Connecticut ? When were these 
reduced to two ? When was there but one ? What is said of the charter ? 

9. What story is told about it ? Who was Andros ? Has he been spoken of 
before ? Where ? See page 36. 



COLONIAL HISTORY EHODE ISLAND. 41 

10. Yale College founded. — In the year 1701 a school 
for the ecliieatioii of ministers was established at Say- 
brook. It was afterward removed to New Haven, and 
named Yale College, after its first patron, Elihu Yale. 

EHODE ISLAND. 

1. Roger Williams, minister of the church at Salem, 
was banished from Massachusetts in the year 1635. He 
made his way, in the depth of winter, to the Narragansett 
Indians, who gave him shelter and welcome, and also a 
grant of land on the east side of Pawtucket River. 

2. Providence settled. — Learning that this was within 
the limits of the Plymouth grant, he and five companions 
removed to the west side of the river in the spring of 
1636. In remembrance of" God's merciful providence to 
him in his distress," he named the new settlement Prov- 
idence. 

3. The Island of Rhodes settled. — By the advice of 
Williams, settlers came from Massachusetts in 1637. 
They bought the island of Aquidneck from the Indians, 
and named it the Island of Rhodes. Portsmouth was set- 
tled, and in 1639 Newport was founded. 

4. A Charter granted. — When, in 1643, the New En- 
gland union was formed. Providence Plantation and 
Rhode Island were refused admission. Williams there- 
upon determined to get a charter from the crown. He 
himself went to England, and in 1644 obtained a charter 
uniting Providence and Rhode Island in one colony. 

5. Religious Freedom. — It was some years before the 
united colonists met and chose a governor. They then, 
in 1647, agreed on a set of laws, the greatest of which 
Avas that celebrated act which granted freedom of re- 

10. When was Yale College founded ? State what is said about it. 

1. What led to the founding of Rhode Island Colony ? When and where did 
Williams first reside ? 

2. Why did he move from this ? To what place did he go, and what did he 
name it ? 

3. When was the island of Rhodes first settled ? At what point ? By whom ? 

4. Why did Williams determine to get a charter ? How did he succeed ? 



42 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

LiGious FAITH AND WORSHIP TO ALL SECTS. Roger Wil- 
liams was determined that no one should be expelled 
from Khode Island as he had been from Massachusetts. 

6. The new Charter.— In 1663 Charles II. confirmed by 
a new charter all the rights and privileges guaranteed by 
the first. So liberal was this new instrument, that it con^ 
tinned to be the charter of Rhode Island until 1842. 

NEW HAMPSHIRE. 

1. Early Settlement. — The Council of Plymouth in 1622 
made a grant of land, lying between the Merrimac and 
Kennebec rivers, to Sir Ferdinand Gorges and John Ma- 
son. As early as 1623 some feeble fishing -settlements 
were made at Little Harbor, near tbe present Ports- 
mouth, and at Dover. 

2. Proprietary Government. — In 1629 Mason became 
sole proprietor, and named the tract New Hampshire, af- 
ter the shire in England where he lived. He subdivided 
his grant among a number of proprietors, and there then 
sprang up endless quarrels about titles. 

3. Colonial Troubles. — The people at length, in 1641, 
put themselves under the protection of Massachusetts ; 
but in 1680, at the request of Mason, New Hampshire was 
made a royal province. Three times it was joined to 
Massachusetts, and as often restored to a separate provin- 
cial government. From 1741 until the Revolution it re- 
mained under its own governor. 

4. Sufferings of the Settlers.— New Hampshire suffered 
severely from the Indians during the intercolonial wars 
already mentioned in the history of Massachusetts. The 
settlers were greatly exposed to the inroads of the sav- 

5. When did the colonies unite ? What celebrated act did they pass ? When 
was this ? 

6. What chancre was made in 1CG3 ? What is said of this charter ? 

1. What pram was made in 1023 ? What use was made of this ? 

2. Who became sole proprietor? Why was the country named New Hamp- 
phirc ? What troubles sprang;: up ? 

?,. Give a sketch of the changes of government. What was the last govern- 
ment of the colony ? 



COLONIAL HISTORY — NEW YORK. 43 

ages and the French. The villages were laid waste, and 
families murdered, but the hardy settlers rallied with re- 
newed energy after every trial. 




PART III— MIDDLE COLONIES. 

NEW YORK. 

1. Henry Hudson entered the Hudson River in the year 
1609. This discovery was the foundation of the Dutch 
claim to New Netherland, a name which, in 1614, was 
given by the States of Holland to the territory lying be- 
tween the 40th and 45th degrees, north latitude. After- 
ward the name was limited to the country between Cape 
Henlopen and Cape Cod. 

2. Opposing Claim to the Territory. — The English re- 
garded this as an interference with their claim, and re- 
monstrated. The States of Holland paid no attention to 

4. What is said of the sufferings of the New Hampshire settlers? 

1. What was the fonnclatiou of the Dutch claim in America? What was its 
extent and name ? Why was this called New Netherlands ? 

2. Who disputed the Dutch claim, and why? How did the Dutch show their 
regard for this remonstrance ? 



44 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

this. In 1623 the Dutch built Fort Nassau, on the Del- 
aware, and Fort Orange, near the present site of Albany. 

3. Early Settlements. — There were a few block huts 
for the protection of Dutch fishermen on Manhattan Isl- 
and as early as 1614. The real settlement of the island, 
however, did not begin until the year 1625. In the fol- 
lowing year the Walloons, French Protestants from Hol- 
land, settled Long Island, at Wallabout Bay, within the 
present limits of Brooklyn. 

4. New Amsterdam founded. — Minuits was the first 
"director," or governor. Under him Fort Amsterdam 
was built, and the village that sprang up around it was 
named New Amsterdam. This was the beginning of 
the city of New York. 

5. Bad Government of Kieft. — Kieft, the third govern- 
or, behaved with great cruelty to the Indians. This 
brought on an Indian war, in 1643, which for years 
threatened the destruction of the colony. The conduct 
of Kieft became so bad that he was recalled by the Dutch 
authorities, and was succeeded by the brave and energet- 
ic Stuyvesant {sti've-sant),m 1647. 

6. Serious Troubles. — Stuy vesant had much trying work 
to do. A colony of Swedes, in 1638, had settled on the 
Delaware, near the present Wilmington, and built a fort ; 
this was within the limits of New Netherland, and a 
trespass on the Dutch claim. The Connecticut people 
were quarreling with the Dutch about boundaries. Worst 
of all, the colonists, many of whom were settlers from New 
England, were growing very restless under the severity 
of Dutch rule. 

v. Energy of Stuyvesant— Tlie brave old soldier went 
to work with spirit. He first settled the boundary line 

3. Where were the first settlements, and when ? 

4. Who was the first governor? What was now begun? Of what was this 
the I»Piriiining? 

5. What is said of the results of Kiefl's rule ? When and by whom was he suc- 
ceeded ? Why was this ? 

C. How many and what troublesome afi"airs did Stuyvesant encounter? 



COLONIAL HISTORY — NEW YORK. 45 

on the Connecticut side-. He then turned his attention 
to the Swedes. In the year 1655 he took possession of 
every one of their posts, and reduced them to entire sub- 
mission. The Swedish Colony existed seventeen years. 

8. New Netherland seized by the English. — He could 
not so easily settle affairs with his own colonists. An 
English fleet, under Colonel Nichols, appeared before New 
Amsterdam, in 1G64, and demanded, in the name of the 
Duke of York, that the keys of the fort should be given 
up to him. Stuyvesant refused, but found himself unsup- 
ported by the citizens, and the fort was surrendered in 
opposition to his most earnest entreaties. 

9. The Territory under English Rule. — The whole region 
from the Connecticut to the Delaware had been given by 
King Charles II. to his brother James, duke of York 
and Albany. On the surrender of New Amsterdam, the 
name was changed to New York, and Fort Orange to 
Albany. New Netherland became the province of New 
Yoi'k, of which the duke was proprietor. 

10. New York seized by the Dutch.^The Dutch regained 
possession of New York in the year 1673, during a war 
between England and Holland. When the war ended, it 
passed, by treaty, under English rule, after having been 
held by the Dutch fifteen months. 

11. Execution of Leisler. — The colonists gained nothing 
by the change to English rule. The duke's governors, 
among whom was Edmund Andros, were much worse than 
the stern but just Peter Stuyvesant. The execution of 
Leisler {Us'ler) and Milborne, in 1691, produced great ex- 
citement in the colony. When William HI. ascended the 
throne, Leisler, with some of the citizens, seized the fort 
in the name of the new king. William, however, did not 

7. How did Stuyvesant settle two of them ? How long was this little'Swedish 
colony in existence ? 

8. What ended Stuyvesant's rule ? Why did he not make forcible resistance ? 

9. Why M'as New Amsterdam claimed by the Duke of York? What changes 
took place? 

10. What interruption was there to English rule? How long did this last? 



46 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

sanction what he did, and sent out Col. Sloughter as gov- 
ernor. Leisler was brought to trial for treason, and he and 
liis son-in-law, Milborne, were condemned and executed. 

12. King William's War. — The northern frontiers suf- 
fered severely during King William's war. The French 
and Indians committed great barbarities. Schenectady 
was burned, and men, women, and children were tortured 
and put to death. 

13. The Negro Plot~1741. — Another event of impor- 
tance in the early history of the colony was the supposed 
negro plot to burn the city of New York and massacre 
the inhabitants. During the excitement thirty persons 
were executed for their supposed connection with the 
plot, some of whom were whites. The people, after some 
time, became ashamed of their cruelty, and common sense 
resumed its control. 

14. Love of Liberty. — The colonists of New York en- 
dured mucli from the oppression of the royal governors, 
some of whom were most unprincipled men. The strug- 
gles of the colonists for liberty under these bad rulers 
prepared them for the trying times of the Revolution. 

NEW JERSEY. 

1. Early Settlement— The present State of New Jersey 
formed part of the territory of New Netherland. Under 
the Dutch no active efforts were made to settle the coun- 
try west of the Hudson. In the same year that the En- 
glish rule began, 1664, Elizabethtown was settled under 
a grant of land from Governor Nichols. 

2. Sale of New Jersey by the Duke. — Meanwhile the 
Duke of York had sold the whole tract between the 
Hudson and the Delaware to Lord Berkeley and Sir 

11. Did the colonists gain by the change? What governor is mentioned? 
What event produced great trouble ? Describe this. 

12. IIow did King William's War affect the colony? Where is Schenectady ? 

13. What excitement sprang up in 1741 ? Describe this, 

14. From what cause in particular did the colonists suffer? What good result 
followed ? 

1. What is said of the territory of New Jersey ? Of its early settlement ? 



COLONIAL HISTORY — NEW JERSEY. 



47 



George Carteret. The lat- 
ter named the territory 
New Jersey, after the isl- 
and of Jersey, in the En- 
glish Channel, of Avhich 
he had been governor. 

3. Carteret and the ear- 
ly Settlers. — Philip Car- 
teret came over as gov- 
ernor in 1665, and re- 
sided at Elizabetlitown. 
Settlers flocked in large 
numbers to the mild 
climate of the new prov- 
ince, where no rents 
were charged for the 
lands for the first five 

years. These easy terms For part of New Netherland, see Map, p. 20. 

led to serious disturbances, for when rent did become 
due, the settlers refused to pay any, and the governor 
was forced to leave the colony for a time. 

4. East and West Jersey. — Lord Berkeley sold out his 
rights to two English Quakers in the year 1674. A few 
years after the entire tract was divided into two parts — 
East and West Jersey. Carteret took the east, and the 
other proprietors the west part. 

5. Andros in New Jersey. — When Andros was govern- 
or of New York, under the duke, in 1678, he claimed the 
governorship of New Jersey. In 1680 he went to Eliza- 
bethtown, and carried off* Governor Carteret a prisoner 
to New York. Next year the duke gave up all claim to 
Jersey, and the proprietors were restored to their rights. 




MIBDLE COLONIES. 



2. Who owned the territory first under English rule ? To whom was it sold ? 
Why named New Jersey? 

3. What is said of the early settlers ? What troubles ensued ? 

4. What is said of Berkeley's right ? How was the territory divided ? 

5. What is said of Major Andros, and the claim? How did he enforce this 
claim ? What was the end of the business ? 



48 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

G. Carteret no longer Proprietor. — In 1682 Carteret sold 
his i-ights in East Jersey to William Penii and eleven 
otlier Quakers. They had very troublesome times with 
tlieir tenants, many of whom were Scotch settlers, and 
were glad to give up their right of government to the 
crown- in the year 1702. 

7. New Jersey a royal Province. — The same year all 
New Jersey was united with New York under one gov- 
ernor, and the union continued for 36 years. At the end of 
that period New Jersey obtained a royal governor for it- 
self No further change took place until the Revolution. 

DELAWARE — PENNSYLVANIA. 

1. The Swedes on the Delaware. — Delaware was first set- 
tled by the Swedes, near the present city of Wilmington, 
in 1638. To the territory around their fort they gave 
the name of New Sweden. In 1643 they built a fort on 
Tinicum Island, a few miles below the present city of 
Philadelphia. Stuyvesant, as we have seen, conquered 
the colony of New Sweden. The Swedish settlers, how- 
ever, still remained on the Delaware. 

2. Penn's Grant.— William Penn, in the year 1681, ob- 
tained from King Charles II. a grant of land west of the 
Delaware, in payment of a debt due his father. The grant 
covered what is now the State of Pennsylvania. In 1682 
the Duke of York, with whom Penn was a great favorite, 
gave him in addition all that territory now known as the 
State of Delaware. This was presently named " the ter- 
ritories or three lower counties on the Delaware." 

3. First Settlers— Penn's Arrival.— On these two tracts 
Penn was desirous of providing a home for oppressed 
Quakers, o r " Fri ends," as they called themselves. The 

6. What became of Carteret's right ? How did the new proprietors succeed ? 

7. What happened in 1702 ? State what is said of its further history. 

1. Whore and by whom was Delaware first settled ? What was its first name ? 
\\ hat ot her settlement was made by them ? What can you state of the conquest 
of New Sweden ? See page 44. How long did it exist as a colony ? 

2. Whence was the origin of Pennsylvania? What other tract did Penn re- 
ceive ? By what name was it known ? 



COLONIAL HISTOKY — DELAWARE — PENNSYLVANIA. 49 

first settlers came out and settled at New Castle, on the 
Delaware, in 1681. Penn himself came over late in 1682. 
Early in 1683 he laid out the city of Philadelphia, or 
" brotherly love." 

4. His Treatment of the Indians. — There is something 
very pleasing in the way Penn treated the Indians. He 
bought their lands, and, under the great elm-tree of Ken- 
sington, made a treaty of peace with them, which lasted 
seventy years. In all his dealings with them he was so 
kind and truthful that the natives always trusted one 
who wore the dress of a Quaker. 

5. Penn and the Colonists.— This great and good man 
was not equally fortunate in retaining the good-will of 
all the colonists. He made the terms of settlement very 
easy, and gave them great liberty in the management 
of their affairs ; but the " territories " on the Delaware 
caused him much anxiety. They wanted a government 
of their own, distinct from that of Pennsylvania. 

6. Delaware a separate Province.— At last, in 1691, while 
he was on a visit to England, Penn sent word that the 
territories might have their own way; and he appoint- 
ed a deputy-governor over them. In 1703 a final agree- 
ment of separation was made. Each colony had its own 
Assembly, but both remained under one governor. 

7. Happiness of the Colonists. — The history of these 
two colonies is marked by no event of striking impor- 
tance. This is the best evidence of their growth and hap- 
piness. Beyond the disputes with Penn on the lower Del- 
aware, there Avas nothing to mar their comfort. Swedes 
and Quakers were treated alike, with the same noble gen- 
erosity that marked the conduct of Penn. 

8. The Government of both Colonies. — After his death, 

3. What use did Penn intend to make of ttiese grants ? What is said of the 
first settlements ? 

4. What is said of Penn's treatment of the Indians'? How did they treat his 
settlers in return ? 

5. What is said of Penn and the Delaware settlers ? What did they want ? 

6. What arrangement was made in 1691 ? What one in 1T03 ? 

7. What is said of the happiness of the colonists? 

c 



50 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



in 1V18, tlie colonics were governed by his descendants 
or thcir'depnties. In the year 1779 the State of Pennsyl- 
vania, grateful to the memory of Penn, paid to his heirs 
nearly 1^000,000 for their proprietary rights. 




PART IV.— EXTREME SOUTHERN COLONIES. 

NORTH CAROLINA. 

1 . Early Settlements. — The first attempts at settlement 
williiii tlie present limits of North Carolina were made 
by Raleigh, at Roanoke Island. About seventy years 
later, in 1G51, a few emigrants from Virginia settled near 
the mouth of the Chowan River. Ten years after, some 
New Englanders settled on Cape Fear River, near the 
present city of Wilmington. Neither of these tw^o col- 
onies ])ros])cred. 

2. The Clarendon Grant— In the year 1663 Charles II. 
granted a large tract of land, south of Virginia, to Lord 
Clarendon and seven noblemen. They named this prov- 
ince Carolina, in honor of the king. 

8. How were the colonies governed ? How did Pennsylvania show its regard 
for the memory of Penn ? 

1. When and where were the first settlements attempted in North Carolina ? 
\\ hat two settlements were made later ? 

'J. What wa.s the Clarendon grant? What was it named, and why ? 



COLONIAL HISTORY — NORTH CAROLINA. 51 

3. Albemarle and Clarendon Colonies. — In 1664, some 
eniigrants from Virginia landed near the old spot on 
the Chowan River, and formed a settlement which they 
named Albemarle Colony, in honor of one of the pro- 
prietors. This was found to be north of the Clarendon 
grants, and new boundaries were therefore granted. The 
present "southern boundary of Virginia became the I'lie 
on the north ; the line on the south took in more than 
one half of Florida. In 1665 settlers from Barbadoes 
settled near Wilmington. This was named the Claren- 
don Colony, but it did not succeed. 

4. Locke's Plan of Government.^The celebrated philos- 
opher, John Locke, had been asked by the proprietors to 
draw up a frame of government for Carolina. In doing 
this he provided for an order of nobility, Avho were to 
govern and make laws for the people. Perhaps this 
might have suited a thickly settled country, but in the 
wilderness of Carolina it proved worse than useless, after 
a trial of twenty years. 

5. Progress of Carolina. — The Albemarle Colony was 
the only one that flourished in numbers. Locke's scheme 
of government, and quarrels with the proprietors about 
lands and rents, produced constant contentions. About 
the beginning of the 18th century numbers of French and 
German Protestants settled in North Carolina. There 
came also considerable bodies of Scotch and North Irish 
emigrants. The colony was at last fixed on a firm foot- 
ing, and, but for the oj^pression of the governors, the peo- 
ple would have been happy. 

6. Carolina divided. — The government of the propri- 
etors came to an end in 1729. That year the King of 
England, George II., bought the rights of the proprietors, 
and divided the province into North and South Carolina. 

3. Where was the first settlement under this grant ? What mistake was made ? 
How was this remedied ? What occurred in 16G5? What was its success ? 

4. What duty was assigned to a distinguished Englishman ? What is said of it ? 

5. How did the Carolina Colony succeed at first ? What is said of the later 
settlers ? 



52 IIISTOHY OF TUE UNITED STATES. 

From this time onward to the Revolution each of these 
was a separate royal province. 

SOUTH CAKOLTNA. 

I.Charleston settled. — Under the Clarendon grant 
some colonists settled on the west bank of the Ashley 
River, in 1670. Here they founded Old Charleston. 
Tiie settlement was named Carteret Colony. It was very 
soon seen that the land at the junction of the Ashley and 
Cooper rivers was more desirable. Thither the settlers on 
the west bank of the Ashley moved, in the year 1680, and 
laid the foundation of the present city of Charleston. 

2. Early Settlers— the Huguenots. — Many of the early 
settlers of South Carolina were Huguenots, driven from 
France by religious persecution. Their patient, industri- 
ous, and strictly moral lives had a marked influence on 
the success of the colony. 

3. Trouble with the Spaniards and Indians. — The col- 
ony had serious trouble, at diiferent times, with the Span- 
iards of Florida. A combined Spanish and French fleet, 
in 1706, attempted to capture Charleston, but was re- 
pulsed, with heavy loss. The settlers sufiered also severe- 
ly from the Indians on their borders as late as the year 
1 7 1 5. 

4. Eflfect of the Indian Wars.— It was the expense in- 
curred by the Indian wars that led to the change of gov- 
ernment in 1729, already mentioned in the history of 
North Carolina. The colonists were heavily taxed, and 
the proi)rietors paid nothing. The people rebelled; the 
king interfered ; Carolina was divided ; and South Caro- 
lina became a royal province. 



What important event occurred in 1729? What was the government of 
North Carolina after this? 

, \'^''l'^'^ '''"'I '''*'"'' "■*"■'' ^^^ ^""'^ eettlements made in South Carolina ? What 
led to the settlement of New Charleston ? 
'-'. What 18 said of the early setUers? 

a.fy nthcT?^^"' ^""'*^^ ^'*^ ^^^ "^"^""^ ^""^^ ^'''"'^^^ ^ ^'"^ ^^^^ ^^^^ ^'^"^^^ ^'''™ 
4. What led to the change in 1729 ? State what is said. 



COLONIAL HISTORY — GEORGIA. 53 



GEORGIA. 

1. Founding of Georgia. — The Colony of Georgia was 
formed out of the original Clarendon grant. In 1732 
James Oglethorpe obtained a grant from King George 
II. of all the land between the Savannah and Altamaha 
rivers. In honor of the king, he named this Georgia. 

2. Oglethorpe the Founder. — Oglethorpe was a soldier 
of some distinction, and a member of Parliament. He 
was a man of a very benevolent nature, and his object in 
founding Georgia was to provide a home for the suffering- 
poor of England. The colony was placed in the hands of 
21 trustees, for 21 years, who were to carry out this plan. 

3. Character of the early Settlers. — Oglethorpe himself 
led the first emigrants to the Savannah River, in the year 
1733, and founded Savannah. The colony increased in 
numbers. But these poor people did not make it a suc- 
cessful colony. A large number of sturdy Scotch High- 
landers and industrious Germans arrived ; and they gave 
whatever vigor and life Georgia had for a long time. 

4. Oglethorpe's Energy. — The bravery and activity of 
Oglethorpe saved the colony from destruction by the 
Spaniards, in 1742. Florida bordered on Georgia, and 
the danger from this cause was by no means small ; but 
the Spaniards were frightened by Oglethorpe's prepara- 
tions, and retired. 

5. Treatment of Oglethorpe. — The colonists showed 
great ingratitude for all Oglethorpe's kindness. They 
went so far as to send an agent to England with com- 
plaints against him. These, after careful trial, were pro- 
nounced to be utterly without foundation. 

6. Success of the Colony. — The colony, meanwhile, did 

1. Out of what was Georgia formed ? Who obtained the grant, and when ? 
What was its extent, and why named Georgia? 

2. Who was Oglethorpe ? What was his object ? How was the trust arranged ? 

3. Where was the first settlement made? How did the colony succeed at first ? 
What is said of later settlers ? 

4. What is said of Oglethorpe's care of the colony? 

5. How did the colonists repay his kindness ? 



54 IIISTOKY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

not flourislL The trustees were wearied with the com- 
plaints of tlie colonists, and at length, in the year 1752, 
they resigned their poAvers into the hands of the king. 
Georgia then became a royal province. 



r.KXEKAL KEFLECTIONS ON COLONIAL HISTORY. 

1. Period of Settlement. — The number of English col- 
onies was thirteen. Maine, which w^as a separate colo- 
ny and province until 1C92, was in that year annexed to 
.Alassachusctts. The settlement of the colonies extended 
tlirough a period of 126 years. Virginia, the first, was 
settled in 1607. Georgia, the last, was settled in 1733. 
The most active period of settlement was from 1607 to 
1637. During this time Virginia, Maryland, New York, 
and the New England colonies, were fonnded. Georgia 
was the only colony begun after the commencement of 
the 18th century. The period of settlement may there- 
fore be said to be the 1 7th century. 

2. Different Nationalities.— In the year 1750 the great 
body of the inhabitants in the colonies were either En- 
glish or their descendants. But many of the settlers 
came from other nations of Europe. The Dutch were 
numerous in New York ; the French were found in New 
Vork and South Carolina ; the Scotch and Irish, in East 
.krsey, the Carolinas, and Georgia; the Sw^edes, on the 
Delaware; the Germans, in Pennsylvania and North 
Carolina. 

3. Their Industries.— In New England the inhabitants 
were occupied in farming, lumbering, manufacturing, ship- 
building, and the fisheries. In the Middle States they 
were cliiefiy fiirmers. In Virginia and Maryland the 
l.riiu-ipal staple was tobacco, and farming was the main 
busin ess. In Car olina and Georgia were the rice planta- 

fi. What is said of the final success of the colony ? 

1. n.)w lont,' wa8 the period of settlement ? What was the most active period ? 

u;;^ r "' } TfZV''''' ^^"^ "'^""^ "''"'" °^ "^« ^^^"1«^-^ ? What other nations 
^^crc ropresci.tcd? ^Vhere were they found in the colonies? 



GENERAL REFLECTIONS ON COLONIAL HISTORY. 55 

tions, near the coast : on the high lands the settlers were 
farmers. Cotton was not yet cultivated to any extent. 

4. Trade and Commerce. — The most commercial colony 
was Massachusetts. Boston, from the first, was the most 
active of all the towns in shipping. Philadelphia and 
New York were both considerable ports. Virginia had 
no shipping-ports worthy of note. If we examine a map 
of Virginia, we may notice how many large rivers run 
into Chesapeake Bay. Up these the ships went to the 
plantations, and took away the produce of the planters, 
leaving other things in exchange. This is the reason why 
the colonists of Virginia did not collect in large towns. 
Jamestown was never more than a village. 

5. Currency. — The trade of the colonies was, in early 
times, mainly carried on by exchange or barter. In Vir- 
ginia, for a long time, tobacco was used as money ; in New 
England, wampum, made of shells ; in New York, beaver- 
skins. The currency was English — pounds, shillings, and 
pence. Dollars and cents came in with the Revolution. 

6. Colonial Habits. — The mode of life was exceedingly 
simple. They had abundance of plain food, but there 
were few luxuries. They wore homespun clothes, and 
made their yarn from the wool of their own sheep. The 
roads were poor, and wheel vehicles were very few. The 
farmer's wife rode to church or market behind her hus- 
band, on one horse. The young people managed to en- 
joy themselves very merrily. They had corn-huskings, 
apple-parings, election parades, thanksgiving feasts, and 
out-of-door sports. It was a simple life, with plenty of 
hard labor, but it was a very free one. There was no 
waste, and there was little or no want. 

3. In whiit were the settlers of New Euglaucl engaged ? Of the Middle States ? 
Of Virginia and Maryland ? Of Carolina and Georgia ? 

4. What was the most commercial colony ? The most commercial town ? 
What two others are mentioned ? Why had Virginia no large towns ? 

5. How was trade carried on ? What was used instead of currency ? In what 
money were accounts kept ? When was the Federal currency adopted ? 

f>. What is said of the mode of life? Clothing? Roads and modes of convey- 
ance ? Amusements of the young ? What remark is made ? 



50 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

r. Class Distinctions.— In Virginia, and to a certain ex- 
tent in the Middle States, the large land-holders formed 
an aristocracy. By this it is meant that a few leading 
liunilies kept the chief offices in their own hands.^ For 
example, there were the planters, on great estates, in Vir- 
iriiiia ; the tatroons, or large land-owners, in New York; 
and the proprietors in New Jersey. In New England 
the land was divided into small farms, and there was 
thus less contrast in wealth between the settlers. This 
made the people of these Eastern colonies more demo- 
cratic from the first. 

8. Religious Denominations. — There was very great 
variety of religious belief in the colonies. The Church 
of England was supreme in Virginia and the Carolinas. 
The Catholics settled in Maryland ; the Puritans, in New 
England ; the Quakers, in Pennsylvania, Delaware, and 
West Jersey ; the Presbyterians, in East Jersey ; the 
Dutch Reformed Church, in New York; and the French 
Huguenots, in New York and South Carolina. 

0. Religious Freedom. — Puritans, Catholics, Quakers, 
Huguenots, fled from persecution in order to enjoy their 
own faith unmolested in America. But some of these 
sects were very intolerant to those who differed from 
I hem. Thus, we saw Williams and the Quakers driven 
Irom Massachusetts ; and in Maryland the Catholics were, 
before many years, disfranchised by the Presbyterians. 
Tn looking at this we must not be too ready to blame 
tliose sects; for we must remember that the principles of 
religious freedom were not then well understood in any 
l>art of the world. 

10. Education. — The New England colonies were the 
most active and careful to provide for the education of the 

7. What distinction was there in Virprinia? What is an aristocracy? Give 
cxami.les. What is said of New Enp;lancl in this particular ? 

^ Wiint is said of reli-ion in the colonies? Name the denominations spoken 
or. \\ here was each of these to be found ? 

'.>. Vrnm what c^insc were many colonies settled? What is said of religious 
freodom amon- them ? Why do they not deserve great blame for this ? 



GENERAL REFLECTIONS ON COLONIAL HISTORY. 57 

young. Under the Dutch rule, New Amsterdam had its 
school-master almost as soon as its minister. The Quak- 
ers of Pennsylvania and New Jersey established schools 
at an early day. Virginia and Maryland at first moved 
very slowly in this work ; but toward the close of the 
1 7th century schools began to multiply. 

11. Printing— Newspapers. — The first printing-press in 
the colonies was set up in Cambridge, Massachusetts, in 
the year 1639. The first newspaper was established at 
Boston, in 1690, but stopped after the first number. In 
1700 there was not one in the thirteen colonies: in 1774 
there were not less than 37. In Virginia it was the boast 
of the governor that there was neither printing-press nor 
school in the year 1675. 

12. Different Kinds of Government. — Three forms of 
government prevailed in the colonies: the Proprietary, 
the Charter, and the Royal, or Provincial. 

13. Proprietary Governments. — Nearly all the colonies 
were, at one time or other, under proprietors, who had 
certain rights of government granted by the crown. 
Pennsylvania is an example of jDroprietary government, 
undisturbed from its settlement until tlie Revolution. 
Maryland and Delaware are also examples. 

14. Charter Governments were carried on under certain 
rights granted to the people in writing by the crown. 
Hence the name charter, from the word charta^ a sheet. 
The principal charter governments were Connecticut, 
Rhode Island, Massachusetts. We may remember what 
was said about the Connecticut and Rhode Island char- 
ters. Under this form of government the jDCople had the 
right of choosing their own governors. 



10. When was public education first cared for ? What is said of other colonies ? 

11. What is said of the first printing-press ? Of newspapers ? What is said of 
Virginia in 1675? 

12. How many and what kinds of government prevailed in the colonies? 

13. What was proprietary government ? What examples are given of this ? 

14. What was charter government? Give examples of this form. What right 
did the people have under this ? 

C2 



58 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

15. Royal Governments.— Nearly all the colonies, by the 
year 1V50, had passed under the crown. They had thus 
become koyal p^vOVI^x■ES, in which the governor and his 
deputies were chosen by the King of England. The only 
exceptions were Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Delaware, 
wliicli remained under proprietors; and Connecticut and 
Kliodc Tshiiid, which kept their free charter governments. 

Ui. Love of Liberty.— The nature of these governments 
did not seem to make any difference in the love of liberty 
among the people of the colonies. Virginia was made a 
royal province in 1624, six years before Boston was set- 
tled, and yet she had in 1775 as active and liberty-loving 
a population as Connecticut, which had the freest charter 
in America. So it was with New York, which, either as 
a Dutch or English province, had no charter. 

17. How the Love of Freedom was nourished. — The 
truth is, that the great new country was thinly settled, 
and the lands were cheap. The frugal and independent 
habits of the people nourished the spirit of liberty. 
AVlien the royal governors troubled and oppressed them, 
they resisted, and would vote no money. The rulers 
miglit go a certain length, but they did not dare to go 
too far. The early settlers, for the most part, came to 
America to enjoy freedom, and their descendants inher- 
ited the LOVE OF LIBERTY and HATRED OF OPPRESSION. 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

1. How many English colonies were there ? Name them. 

2. Which was the first settled ? The last ? Give dates. 
:!. What was the chief period of settlement? 

4. How many were first settled by the English? 

r.. How many were begun by people of other nations ? 

-• ,\\'J\-'\ "'^i'"»«' cohmies bounded the English on the north and south? 

.. J\»Hch of the thirteen colonies were settled by persecuted religious sects? 

s. C.ivc the particulars of the settlement of the first colony. 

•.». ^^ hat difllculties did it encounter at first? 

10. Who formed the London Company ? Give account. 



15. What is said of royal government ? To what extent did it prevail 
"■ How did these different forms affect the settle 

ove this? 
17. What causes produced this love of freedom ? 



.„ XT ■,-■, , ,:_• " ^" ""ill exienr am ir, prevail? 

i<. I'roveTh]'. ? '" "'°' ^''™' "^^'* *''" '"^""'^ ^ ^^'^^^t examples are given 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 59 

11. Who was John Smith? 

12. Show how his hibors benefited the colony. 

13. Show his ability by what occnrred when he left. 

14. What important events occurred during the period of the third charter ? 

15. Why were these important? 

16. What misfortune befell the colony in 1622 ? 

17. To what great change did this lead ? 

18. Give some account of the rule of the London Company. 

19. What were the provisions of the Navigation Act ? 

20. What was the object of the English in passing this ? 

21. From what cause did Bacon's rebellion arise ? 

22. Why did Virginia have no large towns ? 

23. Under what grant was Maryland settled ? 

24. What was there remarkable about its charter? 

25. What difficulties did the colony encounter at first ? 

26. Who was Clayborne ? Sketch his connection with Maryland. 

27. What kind of government had Maryland ? 

28. When did the connection of the Baltimore family end? 

29. When and by whom was New England named ? 

30. How many New England colonies were there ? Name them. 

31. Was Maine one ? Why not ? Was Vermont one ? 

32. What was the origin and extent of the Great Patent ? 

33. Give an account of the settlement of New Plymouth. 

34. What was the history of the Pilgrims in Europe ? 

35. What was the origin of the great colony of New England? 
8G. Who were the Puritans ? 

37. Where were the first settlements made in Massachusetts Bay ? 

38. How did the Puritans treat those who differed from them ? 

39. Give examples of this. 

40. To the establishment of what colony did this lead ? 

41. What other colony sprang from Massachusetts ? 

42. What were some of the principal events in the history of Massachusetts? 

43. Give an account of King Philip's War. 

44. Give the name, cause, and duration, of each of the first three intercolonial 
wars. 

45. Name the principal event in each. 

46. To whom did Acadia originally belong? What did the English name it ? 

47. What was the extent of the Connecticut grant? 

48. What nation claimed the territory, and what steps did they take to main- 
tain their claim ? 

49. How and when was this claim settled ? See New York. 

50. How many and what colonies were there originally in Connecticut ? 

51. When and how did they become one colony ? 

52. What was peculiar about the Connecticut charter? 

53. Give the account of the settlement of Rhode Island. 

54. Give the history of its charter. Why was it obtained ? 
5.5. What colony did it resemble in one of the provisions? 

56. What events marked the first settlement of New Hampshire ? 
•57. Who was the proprietor, and what difficulties did he meet with? 

58. With what colony was New Hampshire intimately connected ? 

59. Name the Middle colonies. Give their extent, 

60. How much of this was claimed by another European nation? 

61. Under what name and claim did they hold it? 

62. Give a short account of the first settlement of this territory. 

63. Name some of the most important events of New Netherland history. 



00 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

(-.4. Sketch the character of Peter Stnyvesant. 

(■,5. What chaugc took phice nuder his administration ? 

CG How did this change affect the future history of New Jersey and Delaware? 

(57. How lou!,- did the Duke of York hold New York? , ,, ^. , „ 

08 Who was Kiu<- William ? What is said of him elsewhere m the history ? 

(•,;)" What sad affair occurred in New York after the accession of King William ? 

7(V What sort of rulers were the royal governors? 

Tl. Who were the Patroons ? 

7-' How long was New York under proprietors ? A royal Province ? 

7!!. When and where was New Jersey first settled by the English? 

74! What changes took place in the proprietorship of New Jersey? 

7r)! Who were the principal settlers of New Jersey? 

7(i. From what cause did troubles arise ? 

77. How long was it a royal province? and under proprietors? 

7S. What led to the settlement of Pennsylvania? 

79. How was Penn's grant increased? 

SO. Who were the first settlers on the Delaware? 

81. Give the history of this colony. 

82. Wliy is the history of those two middle colonies so closely connected ? 

83. What difliculties ensued between the English settlers on the Delaware and 
Penn? 

84. IIow were these finally settled ? 

85. Sketch the character of William Penn. 

86. Who were the Quakers ? In what colonies are they mentioned ? 

87. What was the government of Delaware and Pennsylvania? 

88. How long did it last ? 

89. With what colonies was Penn closely connected? 

no. What southern colony was first settled from Virginia ? 

91. What was its early success? 

92. IIow far did the first Carolina grant extend ? 

93. Name the different colonies within the present limits of North Carolina. 

94. Name those within the limits of South Carolina. 

95. Give the history of Locke's Constitution. 

90. What was the character of the settlers in these two colonies ? 
97. What useful foreigners settled near Charleston? 

9S. IIow long were the Carolinas under proprietors? 

99. For what object was Georgia founded? 

Ktn. Who was Oglethorpe ? Sketch his character. 

101. How did the colony succeed? 

102. IIow was Georgia governed at first? 
in:'.. What was its final success as a colony? 

1(14. What were the industries of the several colonies ? ' 

Ht5. Which were the commercial colonies and towns? 

1(10. State what is said of the early habits of the people. 

l'i7. IIow many kinds of government were to be found in the colonies? 

\()^. Give examples of each. 

109. How was trade carried on with the scarcity of money ? 

no. Which was the greatest trading colony? 

111. Name the principal sea-ports of the colonies. 

11-2. What strengthened among the people the love of freedom? 

W.': Give an example of this. 



FRENCH EXPLORATIONS AND SETTLEMENTS. 61 



, ,^/!'^^ I, 




CHAPTER III. 
FRENCH EXPLORATIONS AND SETTLEMENTS. 

FROM THE YEAR 1G09. 

1. A Knowledge of French Explorations necessary. — We 
have now reached that period when the great and final 
struggle between the French and English colonies was 
about to begin. We can not clearly understand the 
causes that led to this contest without knowing some- 
thing of the French explorations that had been going on 
from the year 1609. 

2. The French forced westward. — It will be remember- 
ed that the Frenchman, Champlain, entered the northern 
part of New York in the year 1609. He did this to as- 
sist the Huron Indians against the Iroquois {e-ro-qudh). 
The consequence was that the latter became bitter ene- 
mies of the French, and completely prevented them from 
exploring southward. The French were thus compelled 
to push westward along the shores of the great lakes. 

3. The Jesuits and their Labors. — The explorers were 
chiefly Jesuit missionaries — brave, self-devoted men, who 

1. Why is a knowledge of French explorations necessary at this point? 

2. Who entered northern New York in 1G09 ? For what purpose ? What was 
the consequence of this ? 



(32 IIISTOIIY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

wvvo ready to endure every privation, torture, and even 
death itselt; to raise the banner of the Cross among the 
led men of the forest. These remarkable men moved 
steadily westward, and planted stations, or missions, giv- 
iug them French names. Many of these remain to the 
present day. In 1668 they founded St. Mary's, the old- 
est settlement in the State of Michigan. 

4. Upper Mississippi discovered. — One of the mission- 
aries, the celebrated Father Marquette (mar-ket)^ with a 
trader named Joliet {zhol-yd')^ floated down the Wiscon- 
sin Kiver in a birch-bark canoe, and discovered the Mis- 
sissippi, in June, 1673. On their way back to Green Bay, 
they stopped at the present site of Chicago. 

5. La Salle. — The most remarkable of all these French- 
men was La Salle {sal). He was the explorer of the 
lower Mississippi and the founder of Louisiana. His life 
was one constant scene of adventure. While he was yet 
a young man, he attracted the notice of the French king 
by his explorations of lakes Erie and Ontario. The king 
rewarded him by granting him Fort Frontenac and a large 
tract of land adjoining. 

6. Explores the Mississippi— Louisiana.— His active spir- 
it urged him to explore the great river that Marquette 
had seen, and in 1682 he descended the Mississippi to the 
(iulf of Mexico. The country on its banks he named 
Louisiana, in honor of Louis XIV., king of France. Four 
years after this, La Salle sailed from France with an ex- 
ix'dition, to plant a colony in Louisiana. He missed the 
mouth of the Mississippi, and landed his colonists some- 
wliere on the Texas coast. 

_2^^ Salle's^ad Fate.— The supplies that were expect- 

3. Who were the French explorers ? What is said of their self-denial ? What 
T\il f'^ ^•'^""■' • ^^''^^ evidence do we still have of their movements ? 

4. What discovery was made by two Frenchmen? When? Where did they 
stop on their return ? 

5. Who was the most remarkable of the French explorers? What is said of 
his early history? 

um' ??'''' ^l^ rH!'- '''^^}'''^' """^ '''^'^" ^ ^^'^^^t territory did he name, and why ? 
\\ hat is said of hif colony? ' 



FRENCH EXPLORATIONS AND SETTLEMENTS. 63 







ENGLISH, FRENCH, ANT) SPANISH OOOFPATION, 



04 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

ed from France did not come. The settlers sickened, and 
many of them died ; and La Salle started north, with six- 
teen men, to go to Canada, through the wilderness, for 
lielj). On the way, he was treacherously slain by two 
of his companions. Such Avas the fate of La Salle, the 
explorer and founder of the vast territory of Louisiana. 
Notliing was ever learned of the fate of the colony. 

8. Ill Success of French Colonies.— Although the French 
were very active in their explorations, the settlements 
around the missions did not increase greatly. Louisiana 
also grew very slowly. What the French ^principally 
gained was a claim to the country by exploration and 
occupation. 

9. Remarkable Activity of the French. — Before the year 
1750 they had, in addition to their missions, sixty small 
military stations, stretching from Lake Ontario, down the 
Mississippi, to Xew Orleans. By 1 748 they had traversed 
the country south of Lake Erie east to the mountains. 
At different places they buried leaden plates engraved 
with the arms of France, and in this way took formal 
possossioii of the territory. 

10. English Colonization — Conflict of Claims. — Nearly 
all this time the English colonies confined themselves to 
the strip of land on the coast east of the Alleghanies. 
Tlie moment the English frontiersmen crossed to the west 
side of the mountains, the two nations came in contact 
on DISPUTED TERRITORY. Tlicu followcd the Frcuch and 
Indian War. 

7. Whither did La Salle start, and why? What happened ? What became of 
the colony ? 

s. How did the French succeed in settling the country ? What did the French 
chiefly pain? 

9. What idea is ?iven of the way the French occupied the territory? How 
did they mark their claim ? 

10. Where were the English meanwhile ? What brought on the war ? 



THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 



65 




CHAPTER lY. 
THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 

1. Immediate Cause of the War. — In the year 1749 a 
grant of 600,000 acres of land west of the AUeghanies, on 
and near the Ohio River, was made to a body of specula- 
tors called the Ohio Company. This sent traders into 
this tract, to traffic with the Indians. The grant em- 
braced a part of that region claimed by the French. 

2. Promptness of the French. — The latter drove the 
company's traders away, and in some cases made prison- 
ers of them. This was in the year 1752. To maintain 
their hold of the territory, the French next year built a 
fort at Presque Isle {pres-keeX)^ now the present town of 
Erie, Pennsylvania. Farther south they built two forts 
— one. Fort Le Boeuf {la-huff'), at the present town of 
Waterford, Pennsylvania; the other. Fort Venango, on 
French Creek, which flow^s into the Alleghany River. 

3. George Washington sent to the Forts. — These forts 
were within the territory claimed by Virginia. In 1753 
Governor Dinwiddle resolved to send a letter to the 

1. What grant was made in 1749 ? What use was made of this ? Why was 
this the immediate cause of war ? 

2. What did the French at first do ? What did they do to keep the British out ? 



GO HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

French commander demanding their removal. To carry 
tliis message he chose George Washington, a native of 
Virginia, and then only twenty-one years of age. It was 
a very arduous undertaking in the winter. Four hundred 
miles of wilderness lay between Williamsburg, the capi- 
tal of Virginia, and the forts. 

4. Washington's Journey. — Washington found the 
French connnander, St. Pierre (2ye-dre), at Fort Le Boeuf, 
wiiere the young Virginian delivered Dinwiddle's mes- 
sage. After remaining a few days, Washington started 
home with St. Pierre's answer to Dinwiddie, and, through 
all the perils of winter and of savages, arrived safe at 
Williamsburg, January, 1 754. St. Pierre's letter contain- 
ed a positive refusal to give up the forts. 

1754. 

5. Building of Fort Du Quesne.— On his journey, Wash- 
ington had noticed the ponit of land formed by the junc- 
tion of the Alleghany and Monongahela rivers as an ad- 
mirable place for a fort. To this point, early in 1754, the 
Ohio Company sent men to build one. The French fell 
suddenly on the workmen, drove them away, and, com- 
pleting the works, named them Fort Du Quesne (kane). 

C. First Skirmish of the War.— Meanwhile 600 Viiginia 
militia, under Colonel Frye, Washington being second in 
command, were on their way to the company's new fort. 
On leaving the news, Washington, with a small party, 
went on to reconnoitre, and met some French troops at a 
l.lace called Great Meadows. A skirmish ensued, and the 
French officer, with some of his men, Avas killed. May 28. 

7. Washington builds Fort Necessity. — Colonel Frye 
died about this time, and Was])ington took the command. 



3. What did Virginia do ? What is said of his messencrer ' 
4 \\ here did Washington find the French commander? What is said of his 
journey home, and of St. Pierre's letter? 

nnhis'v'' Wh";V'^'"^ Washini^ton notice on his journey? What nse was made 
"1 tins ? A\ hat happened there ? 

C. In what way was Virginia active ? How did the first skirmish occur ? 



THE FKENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 



67 




OUIEF SCENE OF OPERATIONS. FEENOII AND INDIAN WAB. 

As he did not know the number of the French in the 
neighborhood, he built a stockade at Great Meadows, 
which he named Fort Necessity. This was about fifty 
miles fi'om Fort Du Quesne. 

8. Attacked by the French. — Here Washington was 
attacked by 1500 French and Indians under De Villiers 
{vil-yCi'), in July. After ten hours' liard fighting, the 
French captain offered. Washington honorable terms on 
account of his brave defense. These were accepted, and 
the Virginia troops marched out with the honors of war. 



7. What fort did Washiugton build soon after? Why did he build it? Why- 
do you suppose he thus named it ? 

8. What happened here ? Describe the battle and the result. 



68 HISTORY OP THE UNITED STATES. 

0. Colonial Congress at Albany.— War liad not yet been 
aeclaivd beluctu England and France; nor was it until 
two years later. But the fighting had begun, and the 
colonies prepared for the contest. Delegates from seven 
of tlieni, accordingly, met at Albany, in 1754, to agree on 
some phin of defense. 

10. Plan of Union agreed on. — Benjamin Franklin, a 
delegate from Pennsylvania, drew u\) a plan of union, 
whicli was adopted by the delegates, subject to the ap- 
proval of the colonies and tlie English government. It 
was probably a very wise plan, for it pleased neither the 
king nor the colonies: each was afraid that it gave the 
other too much power. 

1755. 

11. Arrival of General Braddock. — The English govern- 
ment tliercfore determined to go forward itself, trusting 
to get help from the colonies. In February, 1*755, Gen- 
eral Braddock arrived in Virojinia, with two reojiments of 
British troops. At a meeting of colonial governors with 
Braddock, at Williamsburg, it was determined to send 
out three expeditions — one against Fort Du Quesne, an- 
other against Fort Niagara, a third against Crown Point. 

12. The Position of these Forts.— The first, as we have 
seen, was in the disputed territory. The second was a 
strong post on the Niagara River, on the line of the 
French connuunications with the great lakes and the val- 
ley of the INIississippi. The third commanded the en- 
trance to Canada. These were the great points of attack 
during the war. 

13. Braddock's Character and Movements.— Braddock 



9 Was war declared ? When was it ? What mcetincr was held ? 

10. \\ h.) was Benjamin Franklin? What did he do at the meeting? What is 
eaid of tills plan? ^ 

11. What did Encrland determine to do? Who arrived in 1755? What plan 
or a campaif;n was resolved on ? 

JL^f 'r ^*'^^"''!'"" ''*" ^" ^"''"''■- Of Niagara. Of Crown Point. What is 
eaiu of these three ? 



THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 69 

in person, with a well-appointed army, went against Fort 
Du Quesne. He was a brave but headstrong officer, who 
would take no advice from Washington, his aid-de-camp, 
nor, in fact, from any one else. He despised Indian bush- 
fighting, and marched his men through the woods as 
though they were on parade. 

14. The Ambuscade. — The advanced corps under Brad- 
dock arrived, July 9, within seven or eight miles of Fort 
Du Quesne. They were marching gayly along the banks 
of the Monongahela, their drums beating, and their mus- 
kets glistening in the sun, when suddenly the Indian war- 
whoop resounded through the forest. Braddock had fall- 
en into an ambuscade. A few French, with a large force 
of Indians, had come out from the fort, and, hidden be- 
hind trees, now poured a steady fire on the British. 

15. Braddock's terrible Defeat. — The men w^ere terror- 
stricken ; order was lost; tliey became huddled together 
like sheep, and their red coats formed a terrible mark for 
the unseen foe. Braddock and many of his officers, while 
trying to restore order, were either killed or mortally 
wounded. What remained of the British were only 
saved by the coolness of Washington and the despised 
Virginians, who knew how to fight the wily savages. 
The wreck of the army retreated to Fort Cumberland, 
and finally to Philadelphia. 

IG. Expedition against Fort Niagara. — Governor Shir- 
ley, who was sent against Fort Niagara, reached Oswego, 
on Lake Ontario, in the month of August. While there 
he received the news of Braddock's defeat. He then con- 
cluded to go no farther, and, leaving a garrison at Oswe- 
go, he returned to Albany. 

17. Expedition against Crown Point. — General John- 
is. Where did Braddock go ? What is said of him ? 

14. What occurred on his march ? What was the force of the enemy that met 
him ? What is an ambnscade ? 

15. How did the English troops behave ? What became of Braddock himself? 
How did the battle end ? Where is Fort Cnmberland ? See Map, page 67. 

It). Who moved against Fort Niagara ? How far was he successful ? 



YO IIISTOKY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

son, of New York, went against Crown Point. In Au- 
o-ust he was on the shore of Lake George, with a large 
body of provincial troops. The French, under Dieskau 
(de-es-ko'), pressed forward to attack him. On their way 
tliey met 1000 Massachusetts men, under Colonel Wil- 
liams, defeated them, and pursued them to the camp. 
Fortunately the provincials had throwi up breastworks; 
and from behind these they poui-ed a deadly fire on the 
French. Dieskau was severely wounded, and made pris- 
oner. His troops fell back to Crown Point. 

18. Result of the Expedition. — No forward movement 
was made by Jolmson after the battle. He contented 
himself with building a fort near the camp, and named it 
Fort William Henry. Into this he put a garrison. The 
rest of his army returned to Albany, and was there dis- 
banded. Johnson had accomplished very little, but was 
greatly praised and rewarded — mainly, perhaps, because 
he had not suifered a terrible defeat like Braddock. 

19. Acadia seized. — In addition to these three expedi- 
tions, Massachusetts sent out a large force, in the month 
of 3Iay, to attack two French forts, Gaspereau {gas-2Xi-ro') 
and Beausejoiir {bo-sd-zhoor'), at the head of the Bay of 
Fundy. They were easily taken, and Acadia fell into the 
hands of the colonial troops. The simple French inhab- 
itants, who had taken no part in the war, were driven 
from the country with great cruelty. 

1756. 

20. The Plan of the Campaign for 1756 was precisely 
the same as that of the previous year. The three points 
of attack were forts Du Quesne, Niagara, and Crown 
Point. Every one of the expeditions failed. 

17. What is said of Johnson's movements ? Who was opposed to him ? What 
Bhnrp skirmish occurred ? What battle followed ? 

is;. What was done by Johnson after the battle ? What notice was taken of 
him ? Why was he so rewarded ? 

H». Give an account of a colonial expedition. What befell the Acadians ? 

20. What was the plan of operations for 175<> ? 



THE FRENCH AND INDIAN" WAR. 71 

21. The French capture Oswego. — While the troops in- 
tended to act against Crown Point were idling at Albany, 
the Marquis de Montcalm, the successor of Dieskau, cross- 
ed Lake Ontario, with some Canadians and Indians, and 
captured the forts at Oswego. Fifteen hundred prison- 
ers and 135 cannon, together with a great quantity of 
military stores, and a fleet of vessels collected there for 
the attack on Fort Niagara, fell into the hands of 
Montcalm. After destroying the forts, he returned to 
Canada. 

22. Aifairs on the Frontiers. — Meanwhile, all through 
the western part of Virginia and Pennsylvania, the In- 
dians were scalping and burning. So long as the French 
flag flew over Fort Du Quesne, that post was the centre 
and support of these depredations. 

1757. 

23. English Movements. — This year the plan of attack 
was entirely changed. The only expedition prepared was 
sent against the important fortress of Louisburg. A fleet 
carrying a heavy land force, under Lord Loudoun, started 
from New York. Meanwhile a French fleet, with re-en- 
forcements for the garrison, entered the harbor of Louis- 
burg ; and Loudoun, on learning the news, sailed back to 
New York without making any attempt on the place. 

24. Montcalm at Fort William Henry. — Montcalm, with 
his usual activity, moved up Lake George and laid siege 
to Fort William Henry, in the month of July. There was 
a garrison here of 2000 troops, under Colonel Monroe. 
After holding out bravely for six days, Monroe capitu- 
lated, with the honors of war. Fort William Henry was 
destroyed, and Montcalm returned to Crown Point. 

21. Who was Montcalm ? What movement did he make ? With what success ? 

22. What was the state of things on the frontiers ? Why was Fort Dn Quesne 
so useful to the French ? 

23. How did the plan of the campaign for 1757 differ from that of 175G ? What 
is said of the expedition ? 

24. What is said of JMontcalm's movements ? Describe the attack, and give 
the result. 



72 niSTOKY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

1758. 

25. The Result of the War — Plan for the Year. — The 
war had now gone on for three years. The English had 
thus far gained notliing of importance. They had men 
and money in abundance, but their affairs were badly 
managed. The Government of England this year made 
very great exertions, and sent out 22,000 regulars; the 
colonies raised 28,000 men. Over all Lord Abercrombie 
was appointed commander-in-chief. The plan of military 
operations was against the three places — Louisburg, Ti- 
conderoga, and Du Quesne. 

20. Movement against Louisburg. — Louisburg was cap- 
tured, after a vigorous bombardment, by a powerful En- 
glish fleet and land force — the latter under the command 
of General Amherst. The French made a brilliant de- 
fense with the means at their disposal, but were com- 
pelled to surrender, July 27. Cape Breton and St. John's 
islands also fell into the hands of the English. 

27. Ticonderoga not taken. — General Abercrombie led 
a well-appointed army against Ticonderoga. Young Lord 
Ilowe, the fiivorite of the army, was killed while leading 
the advance. Abercrombie pushed on his main body to 
the assault without waiting for his artillery, and it ended 
in a bloody repulse, July 8. 

28. Bradstreet takes Fort Frontenac— One success shed 
a little glory on the expedition. Colonel Bradstreet, at 
his own earnest request, was dispatched with 3000 men 
against Fort Frontenac, on Lake Ontario. The place was 
easily taken. Nine vessels, with a large quantity of pro- 
visions, fell into his hands. This proved of great impor- 
tance, because it led t o the fall of Fort Du Quesne. 

25. What is said of the progress of the war ? What great efforts were made ? 
« hat was the plan of the campaign ? 

20. What is said of the movement against Louisburg ? Where was Louisburg 
situated ? What also foil into the hands of the English ? 

27. Oive an account of the movement against Fort Ticonderoga. 

28. What important movement was made by part of Howe's army ? With what 
success ? Why is this so important ? 



THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAE. ' 73 

29. Expedition against Fort Du Quesne. — The expedi- 
tion against Fort Du Quesne was commanded by General 
Forbes, and Washington led the Virginia troops. It was 
a badly-managed expedition. Forbes, a man very much 
like Braddock, found himself fifty miles from the fort as 
winter was approaching. He and his troops were much dis- 
couraged, and were about to return home m November. 

30. The French abandon the Fort. — Fortunately they 
learned from some deseiters that the French at the fort 
were greatly dispirited by the loss of their Indian allies. 
These had left them on the news of the loss of Fort Fron- 
tenac, with the provisions. Washington pushed on in ad- 
vance, and Fort Du Quesne was abandoned by the French. 
The Virginia troops entered, and the name was clianged 
by the English to Fort Pitt — a name which is still re- 
tained in that of the thriving city which has risen there. 

1759. 

31. Plan of the Campaign. — There were this year three 
points of attack — Crown Point, Niagara, and Quebec. 
The expedition against Crown Point was under General 
Amherst ; that against Niagara was led by General Pri- 
deaux {pre-do'). Both of these commanders, after finish- 
ing what they were ordered to do, joined General Wolfe 
in front of Quebec. 

32. Fort Niagara taken. — General Prideaux was killed 
shortly after the siege of Niagara began, and the place 
was taken by his successor. Sir William Johnson, in July. 
For want of provisions and boats, he could not proceed 
to the St. Lawrence, as had been planned. 

33. Movements against Ticonderoga.— Ticonderoga and 
Crown Point were abandoned on the approach of Am- 

29. Who commanded against Fort Du Quesne? Whnt is said of Forbes and 
his movements ? 

30. What fortunately saved the expedition ? What was the final result ? 

31. What was the plan for 1759? Who were to command these expeditious? 
How were they all to combine ? 

32. Describe the movement against Niagara. What followed ? 

D 



74 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



herst. There were, however, no boats ready to carry his 
men to the assistance of General Wolfe. There was no 
help for that general, either from the Niagara expedition 
or Amiierst. 

34. Quebec— its Position.— On the 26th of June, General 
Wolfe arrived opposite Quebec with 8000 men and a 
large fleet. lie first tried to batter the works from Point 
Levi, across the river, but his guns could do no harm to 
tlic upper town. Above Quebec the river bank was de- 
fended by precipitous cliiFs. Below were the Charles and 
Montniorenci rivers, and an intrenched camp, defended by 
the ever-watchful Montcalm. 




OPEEATIONS AKOUNU QUEBEC, 1759. 



MONUMENT TO WOLFE AND MONTCALM, 



35. Wolfe climbs the Heights of Abraham.— Wolfe tried 
to storm this camp, but was repulsed with severe loss. 
No help came from Niagara or Amherst ; and at last it 
was proposed, in a council of war, to scale the precipice 
above the city. At night his troops climbed, by a nar- 
row pathway, up the cliff, and at six in the morning of 
September 13 were drawn up on the Plains of Abraham. 

30. Battle of Quebec— its Results.— Montcalm was sur- 
prised, but at once saw he must fight to save the city, 



33. What snccess did Amherst meet with ' 
to the St. Lawrence f 



What prevented him from going 



34. Whore was Wolfe in June ? What did he trv to do ? How was Qnebec 
defended ? ' 

r..'5. Describe Wolfc'n different movements. 



THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 75 

and promptly attacked him. The battle was short, 
bloody, and decisive. Wolfe died in the moment of vic- 
tory, when the French had begun to flee. Montcalm, 
mortally wounded, was carried into Quebec. The city 
was the reward of the victorious English ; it surrender- 
ed four days after, and the British flag supplanted the 
French banner on the heights of Quebec, September IV. 

37. French Attempt to retake Quebec. — Early in the 
following year, 1760, the French came down in force from 
Montreal. A severe battle was fought, and the British 
were driven within the walls of Quebec. Before the 
French could take advantage of their success a British 
fleet arrived, and they retreated to Montreal. Soon after 
they surrend-ered Montreal and all the posts in Canada. 

38. Treaty of Peace. — In 1763 a treaty of peace was 
made. By this France relinquished all her possessions 
east of the Mississippi, with the exceiDtion of the Island 
of Orleans, to the British forever. From Spain, which 
had joined the French in the war. Great Britain obtained 
Florida. England was now mistress of the North Amer- 
ican Continent east of the Mississippi. 

39. Pontiac's War. — The Indian tribes friendly to the 
French were not willing to submit to the English rule. 
In 1763 they formed a league under Pontiac, a famous 
Ottawa chief. All the British posts west of Niagara, ex- 
cepting Detroit and Fort Pitt, were either captured or 
destroyed, and their garrisons made prisoners or mas- 
sacred. Many settlers were killed, and the rest fled east- 
ward for protection. In 1764 the Indians, overawed by 
the preparations made to put them down, sued for peace. 

36. What did his last movement force Montcalm to do ? Give an account of 
the battle. What important event followed in a few days ? 

37. Was there any more fighting ? When and where, and with what result ? 
What interfered with French movements ? What important surrender followed 
this? 

38. When was the treaty of peace made ? What were its provisions ? What 
was the first great result of the French and Indian War? 

80. What other war soon broke out? What was the cause of this? What is 
said of its ravages ? How did it end ? 



fjQ HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

RESULTS OF THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 

40. The Colonists learn their Ability. — England had 
driven France from the Continent of America. The colo- 
nists were very proud of the triumph ; for they had fought 
in tlic same expeditions with the British troops, and had 
found that they were quite as active and hardy as the 
reo-ulars. The English officers sneered at the awkward 
manners of the young farmers. But the work the latter 
were set to do was generally well done. 

41. The Lesson of Union— Trained Officers. — The colo- 
nists, in this way, learned to know their own strength and 
what they could accomplish by union. Besides, the war 
gave them trained officers for the great struggle that was 
last approaching. Washington, Putnam, Gates, Mont- 
•^omery, Stark, Arnold, Morgan, and a great many others, 
less known, were trained in this war. 

42. What the War cost the Colonists. — All this was not 
gained without heavy cost. They had lost 30,000 young 
men by the war. Their frontiers had been ravaged far 
and wide by the Indians. The colonies had expended 
810,000,000. They were repaid only $5,000,000 of this 
by the English Government. 

43. The EflPect of the War on England.— The war spread 
all over the world. Wherever the French and English 
met, on land or sea, there was fighting. All this w^as 
done at heavy cost, and the consequence was a large in- 
crease of the English national debt. We shall presently 
see that the great triumph of England in America has- 
tened the loss of her American colonies, and in less than 
twenty years proved England's great misfortune. 



40. How did the colonists look upon the result of the war ? What did it teach 
them as to their own value as soldiers ? 

41. What other lesson did it teach them? What did the war give them, of 
great value for the future ? Name some of these. 

42. What did the war cost the colonies in men ? Tn money ? 

4:t What was its effect on England ? Why was this so heavy ? W^hat did the 
war lead to directly? 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 11 



RE\^EW QUESTIONS. 

1. How many and what intercolonial wars were there before the French and 
ludiau war ? 

2. How did these differ in origin from the last mentioned ? 

3. In what direction did the French carry their explorations after the year 
1009? 

4. When was the Mississippi a second time discovered ? 

5. Who discovered it the first time, and when ? 

C. Name the distinguished French explorers after 1609. 

7. Give the exploration and early history of Louisiana, 

8. Sketch the career and character of La Salle. 

9. Describe the extent of the French claim on the Continent. 

10. How did they maintain possession of the territory? 

11. Where were the English colonies during all this time ? 

12. Where, when, and how did the French come into collision with the En- 
glish ? 

13. Give the principal movements of the French in the year 1753. 

14. Describe Washington's journey, giving its cause and results, 

15. When, and where, was the first blood shed? 

16. State the principal events of 1754. 

17. What occurred at Fort Necessity ? What led to this ? 
18," When was war declared between France and England ? 

19. What does this show? 

20. What great American was active at Albany in 1754 ? 

21. What was the object of this Convention, and its success ? 

22. Who was Braddock ? 

23. What was the plan of operations for 1755? 

24. Why were these places important? 

25. Describe Braddock's expedition and defeat. 

26. What was the result of the year's operations? 

27. What was the plan for 1756 ? 

28. IIow much was accomplished ? 

29. Give the plan of operations for 1757. 

30. What were the principal events of the year? 

31. Who were the French and English generals mentioned these two previous 
years ? 

32. On which side were the adv-antages previous to 1758? 

33. State the reason of this. 

34. Give the plan of operations for 1758. 

35. How much of this succeeded ? 

36. What event contributed to the fall of Fort Du Quesue next year? 

37. State the plan of the war for 1759. 

38. How far was this carried out ? 

39. Describe the movements against Quebec, and the battle on the heights, 

40. To what did this lead ? 

41. What attempt did the French make to recapture Quebec ? 

42. Where, and when, was a treaty of peace proclaimed ? 

43. Give its terms. 

44. What advantages did the colonies reap from the war? 

45. What illustrious man was brought prominently into notice by the war ? 
40, How was England affected by the contest ? 



78 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 







^^i^ 



CHAPTER V. 

CAUSES OF THE AMERICAN KEVOLUTION. 

1. Remote Causes— Navigation Act. — England, from the 
first, liad treated the colonies with considerable severity. 
Wluit she wanted was to make money out of them. She 
took tlieir productions, sending them her own in return ; 
and would only allow them to ship their staves, lumber, 
Hour, fish, tobacco, or rice, to other parts of the world in 
British vessels. 

2. Their Manufactures stopped. — England would not al- 
low them to make any thing that would interfere with 
her own manufactures. The colonists, having plenty of 
beaver- skins, made a great many hats. The English 
stopped that : they said that America would soon sup- 
ply all the world with hats. The colonists manufact- 
ured iron. The English stopped that : they said that the 
Americans "had xo right to manufacture even a nail for 
a liorse-slioe." 

a. Oppression by Royal Governors.— The English kings 
took away tlie riglits of the co lonies, and sent them royal 

1. In what way had England treated the colonies? Give examples. Under 
what net was this done ? 

2. What was the treatment of the colonies in manufactures? In hats? lu 
iron ? 



CAUSES OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 79 

governors. These men had very high salaries, and spent 
their time chiefly in quarreling with the assemblies, or in 
trying to extort money from the people. 

4. Writs of Assistance. — The Navigation Act, which 
was so detested by the colonies, and so ruinous to their 
trade, created a large number of custom-house officers. 
They were like their royal masters, very tyrannical. To 
assist them in finding smuggled goods, they obtained 
Writs of Assistance, which were neither more nor less 
than legal permits to enter and search any man's house. 
No free people could submit to this. 

5. Immediate Cause of the Revolution. — These were a 
few of the remote causes that led to the Revolution : the 
IMMEDIATE CAUSE Sprang out of tlic attempt made by 
England to tax the colonies for the expense of the French 
and Indian war. The English Government said the war 
had been begun in their defense, and they ought to bear 
their share of the cost. 

6. Argument of the Colonies. — The colonies answered 
to this eflx^ct: "No, we will not pay England's debts. 
We defended ourselves. We suffered heavily in men 
and money. England spent her money as much for her 
own pride and glory as for our good. Besides, we have 
learned that we can defend ourselves." 

7. England answers by a Tax Bill. — The English Gov- 
ernment treated this view with scorn. In 1764, the year 
after the close of the war. Parliament passed an act tax- 
ing a long list of articles imported into the colonies. The 
Americans remonstrated against this. ' They asserted that 
the English had no right to tax them without their con- 
sent; that they had no representation in the English Par- 
liament; and that taxation avithout representation 

WAS TYRANNY. 

3. What is said of the royal governors? 

4. What is said of the Navigation Act ? What were Writs of Assistance ? 

5. What was the immediate cause of the Revolution ? What did England say ? 
G. What was the argument of the colonies ? 

7. How did England treat this view? What did the Americans do and say? 



80 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

8. The Stamp Act— Quartering Act.— The government 
replied to this by i)assiug the Stamp Act, March, 1765. 
Tliis levied a tax on all paper, vellum, and parchment, 
used in the colonies. No document could be legal with- 
out a stamp. There was passed also, at the same time, 
tlie Quartering Act — a very hateful and irritating meas- 
ure. A standing army was ordered for the colonies, and 
the people were required to provide the troops with 
(QUARTERS, bedding, fire- wood, drink, soap, and candles. 
It was a new thino: to see British soldiers amonoj the 
colonists in time of peace. 

9. Resistance in Virginia. — The Assembly of Yirghiia 
was in session, in May, when the news of the passage of 
these acts arrived. The aristocratic members did not 
want to take any action ; but a young lawyer, named 
l*atrick Henry, sprang to his feet and presented a series 
of resolutions denouncing the conduct of England. His 
iiery eloquence carried the day, and they Avere passed. 

10. Massachusetts and other Colonies. — In the same 
month Massachusetts spoke. She recommended that del- 
egates from the different colonies should meet in New 
York in October, and consult on what ought to be done. 
The spirit of the people was thoroughly ai-oused. In 
June, copies of the Act were hawked about the streets 
of New York, headed " England's Folly and America's 
liuin." 

11. Sons of Liberty.— The people of Boston met under 
a tree, which they named "Liberty Tree." Upon this 
tliey hung in effigy those who favored the English Gov- 
ernment. Soon associations called the "Sons of Liberty" 
spread among the Northern and Middle colonies. They 
were very active, and thoroughly frightened the officers 
appointed to distribute the stamps, 

/,\^^'!;ji; '^'*'' ^^« ""^^^cf «f t^e English Government? What was the Stamp 
Aft? W hen pa8.«ed ? The Qnartering Act? 

9. How was the news leceivert in Vir-^inia? 

10. What was the conduct of Massachusetts ? What was done iu New York ? 

11. ^\ ho were the Sons of Liberty ? What was their object ? 



CAUSES OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 81 

12. First Colonial Congress. — The Colonial Congress 
met in October, 1765, at New York, and agreed on a 
" Declaration of Rights and Grievances of the Colonies." 
A petition to the king, and memorials to both houses of 
Parliament, were also prepared and adopted. 

13. The Operation of the Stamp Act.— The 1st of No- 
vember, the day when the Stamp Act was to go into 
operation, at length arrived. Not a stamp was to be 
seen. The frightened stamp-distributors had everywhere 
resigned. The royal governors dared not say a word; 
and business, in a few days, went on as usual without 
stamps. 

14. Non-importation Agreement. — The colonists did not 
stop here. The merchants generally, throughout the col- 
onies, agreed to import no more goods from England till 
the Stamp Act was repealed. The people also entered 
into a combination to wear garments made only of Amer- 
ican cloths. 

15. Repeal of the Stamp Act. — The English manufact- 
urers and merchants felt this severely. The government 
also was alarmed ; for the firmness of the colonies sur- 
prised them. Accordingly, in March, 1766, the Stamp 
Act was repealed. In repealing it, they still asserted 
"the right and power of England to bind the colonies in 
all cases whatsoever." 

16. A new Tax Bill passed. — In a few months, January, 
1767, a bill was passed in Parliament taxing tea, paints, 
paper, glass, and lead, used in the colonies. This roused 
the anger of the people to a higher point than ever. They 
renewed their former non- importation agreements, and 
the newspapers were filled with patriotic pieces. 

17. Military sent to Boston. — Boston was considered by 

12. What is said of the Colonial Conjrress ? 

13. State what is said of the First of November. 

14. What did the merchants agree to ? And the people ? 

15. What followed, and why? How was this apparent concessionon the part 
of the government modified ? 

16. How did the government show their true feeling ? How did the people 
meet this ? 

D2 



82 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

EnglaiKl as the very focus of rebellion, and four regi- 
ments, under General Gage, were ordered there, in Sep- 
tember, 17G8, to overawe the people. The authorities 
would not supply the troops with quarters, and some of 
them were put by Gage into Faneuil {fan' it) Hall. This 
was the great public room where the patriots often met, 
and has been called the Cradle of American Liberty. 

18. Riot in Boston. — The citizens, naturally, hated the 
red-coats, and the troops repaid the hatred. Quarrels 
took place, and on March 5, 1770, a picket-guard fired 
upon the crowd, killing three citizens and wounding 
eight. The towns-people rose in a body, and Gage was 
forced to remove the soldiers from the town to the fort 
in the harbor. 

10. Government relents. — Meanwhile the English mer- 
chants suftered severely from the non importation agree- 
ments among the Americans. At length the English 
Government relented, and a bill w^as passed in May, 1773, 
repealing the tax on all articles except tea. The gov- 
ennnent no longer hoped to raise revenue; it was con- 
tending only for the right to tax the colonies. 

20. The Tax on Tea resisted.— To establish this right, 
the duty on tea Avas made only threepence a pound : the 
colonists were really to get their tea cheaper than the 
English people. But the Americans saw through the 
plan, and scorned the concession: they would pay no 
taxes to the English Government. 

21. Arrival of the first Tea-ship. — The colonial mer- 
chants generally agreed to import no tea: the English 
merchants, therefore, resolved to send it at their own risk. 
The first of the tea-ships arrived at Boston November 25, 
1773, and a committee of the people notified the captain 

17. now did England attempt to punish Boston ? How did the people act ? 
I'i. \\ hat occurred in Boston ? 

ll'. What was the effect of tlie non-importation and other agreements ? What 
was the •r'lvernmcnt contending for? 

this smairtax^ "'"^ "™''""^ °^^^'' ^""^ °" *""'' ^ ^'^^ '^''^ ""* ^^'"^ Americans pay 



CAUSES OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 83 

that they would not permit it to be landed. The captain 
would gladly have returned to England, but the governor 
would not allow him to leave. 

22. Boston Tea-party. — The patience of the people was 
worn out, and they proceeded to settle the business in 
their own way. On the night of December 16, forty citi- 
zens, disguised as Indians, went to the vessel, took out 
the tea-chests, 342 in number, and emptied the contents 
into Boston harbor. This was done in the presence of 
thousands of spectators ; yet their secret was so well kept, 
that not one of them was ever discovered. 

23. The Tea at other Places.— At New York and Phil- 
adelphia, the people would not permit the tea to be land- 
ed ; in Charleston, it was stored in damp cellars, and soon 
became worthless. 

24. Boston punished. — The indignation of the govern- 
ment was very great when the news of the Boston busi- 
ness reached England. " Boston," said they, " must be 
punished ;" and Parliament at once passed the Boston 
Port Bill, prohibiting all ships from landing there. At 
the same time the port and seat of government were re- 
moved to Salem. In addition, General Gage was ap- 
pointed Governor of Massachusetts. 

25. Excitement in the Colonies. — This severity on the 
part of the English Government only roused the spirit 
of the colonies, and they adopted the cause of Boston as 
their own. The Virginia Assembly, for example, appoint- 
ed the day when the Boston Port Bill was to go into 
operation, June 1, 1774, as a fast-day. For this the gov- 
ernor dissolved the Assembly. 

26. First Continental Congress.— Presently it was agreed 
among the colonies that a colonial Congress should meet 

21. What is said of the colonial and English merchants? What took place on 
the arrival of the first tea-ship ? 

22. How was the question of the tea-ship settled ? What was done to those 
who were active in this ? 

23. How was the tea disposed of at other places ? 

24. How did the government treat Boston ? Who was made governor ? 

25. Did the colonies look quietly on ? What did they do ? 



v^4 HISTORY OP THE UNITED STATES. 

ill September. On the 5th of that month, delegates from 
all the colonies, except Georgia, met in Philadelphia, and 
formed the First Continental Congress. Peyton Ran- 
dolj)!), of Virginia, was chosen president, and Charles 
Tlionisoii, of Pennsylvania, secretary. 

27. Declaration of Rights.— The delegates passed a Dec- 
laration of Kights, together with addresses to the king 
and people of England. At the same time, they rec- 
ommended the suspension of all commercial intercourse 
witli Great Britain. They then adjourned to. meet at 
Pliihideli)]iia, jNlay 10,1775. 

2S. Active Measures taken.— Governor Gage, in Septem- 
ber, 1774, began to fortify Boston Neck; he also seized 
some powder stored by the patriots, at Cambridge. On 
the other hand, the Massachusetts Provincial Congress 
called out the militia, ordered them to train and be ready 
at a minute's notice, and voted £20,000 for expenses. 

29. The leading Patriots in Massachusetts were John 
Hancock, Samuel Adams, John Adams, and Josejdi War- 
ren. The last sealed his patriotism with his life in the 
second battle of the Revolutionary War. 

30. Colonies only desire their Rights. — Both sides were 
])reparing to fight. Tlie colonists did not desire this — 
tlie struggle was forced npon them in defense of their 
dearest rights. They did not as yet seek for independ- 
ence. In spite of all she had done, the mass of the colo- 
nists had continued to be proud of Old England. But this 
regard was fast wearing away. The lines were already 
drawn between the king's friends, or Tories, and the pa- 
triots, or Whigs— names adopted from English politics. 

20. What acreement was made? When and where did it meet, and who were 
its ()fflr(»rs ? By what name is it known ? 

•-'7. Wiiat measure- were passed ? To what time did it adjourn ? 

-'^. What were the movements of Gage? What was done by Massachusetts? 
W ho wore the niinnte-men ? 

'-';•. Who were the leadinc: patriots in Massachusetts ? What is said of Warren ? 

:;i>. What is said of the feeling of the colonists? By what names were they 
be,i,'inuinf: to be known ? 



REVOLUTIONARY WAR — 1775. 



85 



^:^^^^M^%^^5!- 




CHAPTER VI. 

WAR OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 

EVENTS OF 1775. 

1. First Movements. — Sixteen miles north-west from 
Boston lay the village of Concord. Here the provincials 
had collected a quantity of stores, and General Gage de- 
termined to destroy them. He kept his plans very se- 
cret, and on the night of the IGtli of April sent out 800 
regulars from Boston. Sharp patriot eyes were watch- 
ing the movements of the British, and swift horsemen at 
once started from Boston to warn the minute-men. 

2. The Killing at Lexington Green. — Before sunrise 
next morning seventy or eighty of these were assembled 
on the green at Lexington, within six miles of Concord. 
The head of the British column soon appeared, and their 
commanding officer, as he rode forward, shouted, "Throw 
down your arms, you rebels, and disperse !" The patriots 
did not immediately obey, and the regulars fired, killing 
seven of the mimite-men, and wounding others. 

3. Fight at Concord Bridge— The Retreat.~-The British 



1. Where is Concord, and what was there ? What is said of Gage ? How did 
the patriots prepare for him ? 

2. What happened at Lexington Green ? Where was this ? 



8G 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



then marcliccl to Concord, and destroyed the stores. Be- 
fore this was completed, Large bodies of minute-men ar- 
rived, and a skirmish took place at Concord Bridge. 
I1ien began the retreat : it was full time, for the country 
far and near was roused. Even boys of fifteen and men 
of seventy hastened to take part in the fight. From 
behind fc'nces, and stone-walls, and trees, and buildings, 
the patriots fired on the long line of British. 







JiOSTON AND ITS VICINITY, 1775-0. 

4. Re-enforcements from Gage. — Through these six 
miles the British fought their weary way to Lexington. 
It looked as though not one of them would ever reach 
lioston. Fortunately for them, re-enforcements sent by 
(ieneral Gage met them at Lexington. By this time 
they were so utterly worn out, that when their new com- 
rades opened ranks to receive them, they threw them- 
selves exhausted on the ground. 

5. Close of the Fight-its Cost.— When they had rested 
awhile, the whole force made its way to Charlestown, 

3. \Vhat occurred at Concord ? Who were the minute-men ? What forced the 
Ilntirth to retreat? What i8 8!iid of it? 

4. In what condition did the British reach Lexington ? What saved them ? 



IIEYOLUTIONARY WAR 1775. 87 

harassed by the Americans. In the entire retreat the 
British lost nearly 300 men ; the American loss was 90. 
Such was the running hght, or Battle of Lexington, as it 
was called — the first of the Revolutionary War. 

6. Effect of the Battle of Lexington. — The news of the 
fight spread like fire over the prairie. Men left their 
farms and their workshops, and rushed to Boston. There 
were soon 20,000 militia, under General Ward, behind 
intrench ments in front of that town, and General Gage 
found himself completely shut off from the country. 

7. The Patriots fortify Breed's Hill. — In May, fresh 
troops from England increased Gage's force to 10,000 
men. The patriots, fearing that the British would now 
attempt to force their way into the country, resolved to 
fortify Bunker Hill, which commanded the northern road. 
Colonel Prescott, with 1000 patriots, was ordered to for- 
tify the hill, but, by mistake, w^ent in the night to Breed's 
Hill, much nearer the town, and threw up intrenchmcnts. 
When the morning broke, the British were surprised to 
see the works, and Gage at once determined to drive the 
Americans from them at any cost. 

8. Battle of Bunker Hill. — At three o'clock in the af- 
ternoon of June 17th 3000 picked British troops crossed 
the harbor, and, after landing, began to ascend the hill. 
Thousands of spectators, from the roofs and steeples in 
Boston, watched the movements with breathless anxiety. 
The Americans waited until the enemy were within 150 
yards, and then poured on them a destructive fire. The 
British staggered, then broke, and retreated in dismay. 
A second attempt ended the same way. 

9. The final Attack. — The third time the British were 
re-enforced. The patriots' ammunition was exhausted, 
and the British, taking advantage of this, pushed forward, 

5. At what place did they arrive at last ? What was the loss on both sides ? 
C. What was the first effect of the battle? 

7. Why did the Americans determine to fortify Bunker Hill? What hill did 
they fortify, and why? On what did Gage resolve when he saw this ? 
S, Describe the first assault of the British ? How many assaults were there ? 



88 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

sprang over the earth-works, and the hill was gained. It 
was a dearly-won British victory, for it cost them over 
1000 in killed and wounded. The American loss was 
about 450 ; but among these was the active patriot. Dr. 
Warren. The battle, although fought on Breed's Hill, 
has always been known as the Battle of Bunker Hill. 

1 0. The Second Continental Congress met in the month 
of i\Iay, at Philadelphia, as agreed upon. They passed 
resolutions affirming their strong desire for peace, and 
declaring that they had no desire to throw off their alle- 
giance from Great Britain. At the same time, they voted 
that the colonies should be prepared for war, and that 
they would never willingly submit to British taxation. 

11. Washington made Commander-in-Chief. — Congress, 
on June 15, elected George Washington to the command 
of the army. He immediately started for Boston ; but be- 
fore he arrived the battle of Bunker Hill had been fought. 
He immediately took command of the troops, and pro- 
ceeded to bring the militia under strict military discipline. 

12. Capture of Ticonderoga and Crown Point. — On the 
day that Congress met, Ticonderoga, celebrated in the 
French and Indian War, was captured from the British, 
by a young officer named Benedict Arnold. A few days 
after. Crown Point was captured. 

i;5. Expedition against Canada. — These important suc- 
cesses o])ened the road to Canada, and it was at once de- 
termined to attack the British power in that quarter. 
The expedition consisted of two divisions. One went 
by way of Lake Champlain, under Generals Schuyler 
and Montgomery ; the other, under Arnold, went north, 
through the wilderness of Maine. Both were to unite in 
an attack on Quebec. 



'X What is said of the final attack ? What is said of the loss ? What leading 
man was killed ? 

10. Whi.re and when did the Continental Con-ress meet ? What did it do ? 

11. ^^ hat important appointment did it make? What was his a'^e^ 

;:; 1 ^"^J"'" celebrated placx-s were captnred ? Where are thev'sitnated ? 
1... To what oxpodition did this lead ? Describe the plan of the expedition. 



REVOLUTIONARY WAR 1776. 89 

14. Movements of Montgomery and Arnold. — Mont- 
gomery captured St. John's, on the Sorel Kiver, and en- 
tered Montreal, November 13, with his force reduced to 
300 men ; he then pushed for Quebec, near which Arnold, 
with 900 men, was waiting for him on the Plains of Abra- 
ham. When both divisions were united, there were less 
than 1000 fit for duty. A useless siege of three weeks 
followed. At last an assault was ordered, on a cold, 
snowy morning, December 31, when the Americans met 
with a severe repulse. Montgomery was killed, and Ar- 
nold was severely wounded. 

15. Failure of the Expedition. — The troops fell back to 
a point three miles from the city, where, behind intrench- 
ments of snow, they passed a wretched winter. In the 
following spring re-enforcements came, but nothing was 
gained. The British in turn were re-enforced, and the 
Americans, utterly broken-spirited, were compelled to flee 
from Canada. 

16. The Revolution in Virginia. — In the colonies south 
of New England there were stirring times. Early in 
17V5, the people of Virginia drove the royal governor 
from the province. In April he returned, in a British 
man-of-war, and revenged himself by burning the town 
of Norfolk, the richest in Virginia. 

17. In the Carolinas and Georgia. — The people of North 
Carolina, in May, met at Charlotte, and declared them- 
selves FREE and INDEPENDENT of the mother country. 
This was the first declaration of independence through- 
out the colonies. In South Carolina and Georgia the peo- 
ple rose against the royal governors, and expelled them. 



14. Describe Montgomery's movements. Who arrived at Quebec first? What 
was their combined force ? Describe what followed. 

15. Where did the Americans go? What happened in the spring of 177G ? 

16. What meanwhile had occurred in Virginia ? 

17. What remarkable step was taken in North Carolina ? What was done in 
South Carolina and Georgia ? 



90 UIStORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

1776. 

1. British Plan to capture New York. — In January the 
Britisli in Boston were preparing an expedition, under Sir 
Henry Clinton, to capture the city of New York. Wash- 
iiio-ton suspected this, and sent General Charles Lee with 
re-entbrccments to that place. On the very day that 
Clinton arrived oiF Sandy Hook, Lee marched into New 
York ; and Clinton, on learning of his arrival, sailed off 
south, to the capes of Virginia. 

2. Americans on Dorchester Heights. — Washington's 
steady purpose was to drive the British from Boston. 
Early in March, he, in the night, threw up intrench- 
nients on Dorchester Heights, which commanded the 
city. General Howe, who had succeeded General Gage 
in command of the British, at once saw that the Ameri- 
cans must be driven from this, or he must leave Boston. 

3. Evacuation of Boston. — A storm prevented his at- 
tacking the intrenchments for a day or two. By the 
time the storm had subsided the works had been made 
so strong that Howe saw it was useless to attempt an 
assault, and agreed to leave the town. On the 17th of 
IMarch, lie embarked his troops on board his vessels, tak- 
ing with him some 1500 loyalists, and sailed for Halifax. 
Washington then took possession of Boston. 

4. British move against Charleston. — Washington being 
anxious about New York, sent off the main body of his 
army to that place. The British had, meanwhile, changed 
their ])urpose, and, being heavily re-enforced from En- 
gland, had sailed against Charleston, South Carolina. The 
land force was under the command of Clinton, and Sir 
Peter Parker was admiral of the fleet. 

1. What was goiiig on at Boston ? How did Washington meet this ? What 
was the resnlt? 

2. What happened in the neighborhood of Boston in March ? Why were Dor- 
chester Heights so important ? How did Howe regard this movement ? 

3. What prevented Howe from attacking ? What followed ? 

4. To what point, and wliy, did Washington turn his attention ? Was it nec- 
cs.«ary at that time ? Wliy not ? What is said of the British expedition ? 



REVOLUTIONARY WAR 1776. 91 

5. Attack on Fort Moultrie. — The Carolina patriots had 
thrown up some rude works on the lower end of Sulli- 
van's Island, and named them Fort Moultrie. The ships 
attacked these on the 28th of June, but were met by so 
heavy a fire that they w^ere forced to retire wath severe 
loss. The British did not renew the attack, and soon af- 
ter sailed north to join the troops that were assembling 
on Staten Island for an attack on New York. 

6. British Forces on Staten Island.— General Howe was 
already there from Halifax with all the old Boston army. 
Other re - enforcements came from England under his 
brother, Admiral Lord Howe, making in all some 30,000 
men. A large part of these were Hessians, hired troops 
from Hesse Cassel, in Germany. 

7. Battle of Long Island. — Washington, who w^as now 
at New York, had under him 17,000 men. The greater 
part were at an intrenched camj), south of Brooklyn, 
under General Putnam. Howe crossed his troops from 
Staten Island, and on the 27th of August moved forward 
in three divisions. While two of these engaged the at- 
tention of the Americans, the third, under Clinton, took 
a wide circuit, and, getting into their rear, drove them 
into confusion. They lost 2000 men, and retreated rap- 
idly to their camp, where Washington had arrived. 

8. The Americans escape to New York. — The British 
delayed making an assault on the works, and ^vaited for 
their ships to come into the East River. They intended 
to leave the Americans no chance to escape. AYashing- 
ton saw through their plan, and on the 29th, under cover 
of a heavy fog, crossed with his troops to New York, be- 
fore the British had the slightest idea of his movements. 

9. Movements of the two Armies. — Washington soon 
fell back to a strong position on the heights of Harlem, 

5. Describe the attack on Ft. Moultrie. Whither did the British sail, and why ? 
G. What forces were assembled on Staten Island ? 

7. What number of men had Washington ? Where were they? Describe the 
movements of the British, and the battle of Long Island. 
S. "What followed ? How was the American army saved ? 



02 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 




aiitl Howe occupied the city of New York. From Har- 
lem tlie Americans retired to White Plains, followed by 
Howe. Here an action took place, on the 28tli of Octo- 
l)er, in which Washington was defeated, and compelled 
to retire to North Castle. Howe saw that it was useless 
to follow Washington north, and encamped in the neigh- 
borhood of Dohb's Ferry. Washington left a part of 
his army at Peekskill, and, crossing the Hudson, pushed 
<lown to Fort Lee. 

10. Forts Washington and Lee captured.— Opposite Fort 
Lee was Fort AVashington, on Manhattan Island, garri- 
soned by 2000 Americans under Colonel Magaw. This 

9. Describe the movements of the two armies until October 2Sth. What theu 
took place ? What were the movements after this ? Where is Fort Lee ? 



KEVOLUTIONAEY WAR 1776. 93 

was within Howe's lines, and the British attacked and 
captured it, together with the entire garrison, after a 
bloody struggle. Lord Cornwallis was immediately sent 
across the river with a strong force to take Fort Lee, 
which was hastily abandoned on his approacli Nov. 20. 

11. Washington's Retreat through New Jersey. — Then 
came the retreat of the Americans across New Jersey. 
Washington, chased by Cornwallis, abandoned success- 
ively Newark, Elizabethtown, New Brunswick. At last 
the Delaware River w^as reached. The weary Ameri- 
cans crossed over into Pennsylvania on December 8, and 
Cornwallis put his troops into winter-quarters at differ- 
ent points on the Jersey side of the river. 

12. Battle of Trenton.— It appeared as though the Amer- 
ican cause was lost. New York had been taken ; New 
Jersey was overrun, and the English were only waiting 
for the spring to take Philadelphia. Just then the en- 
ergy of Washington shone forth. Suddenly, on Christ- 
mas night, he crossed the Delaware through the floating 
ice, and early next morning, in a storm of sleet, captured 
over 1000 Hessians wdio were quartered at Trenton. 

13. The Effect on the British and Americans. — Corn- 
wallis, who thought every thing w^as safe for the winter, 
was more than surprised. He drew in his scattered 
troops from the river bank and set a watch on his ene- 
my. The battle of Trenton, on the other hand, sent joy 
among the Americans. It was a gleam of light amidst 
the darkness and disaster that had been increasing ever 
since the battle of Long Island. 

14. Congress adopts the Declaration of Independence. — 
Congress, during the year, was in constant session in 
Philadelphia. It was very busy providing the means to 

10. Where was Fort Washington? Who held it? What took place here? 
What happened at Fort Lee ? 

11. Describe the retreat across New Jersey. How did it end ? See Map, p. 95. 

12. What was the state of the American cause ? How was it retrieved ? De- 
scribe the battle. 

13. What was the effect of the battle on the British ? On the Americans ? Whv ? 



94 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. , 

carry on the Avar. It had little money, and the colonies 
had no credit abroad. In one jDarticular, the year 1776 
was the most important of its work. On the 4th of July 
it }3assed the famous Declaration of Independence from 
Great Britain forever. This made the colonies a nation 
under the name of the United States. The great man 
who wrote this Declaration was Thomas Jefferson, of 
Virginia, assisted by Benjamin Franklin, of Pennsylvania, 
Roger Sherman, of Connecticut, Philij) Livingston, of New 
York, and John Adams, of Massachusetts. 

15. The Colonists are offered Pardon. — A few days 
after this was passed, Admiral Howe and his brother 
offered the colonies terms of reconciliation with Great 
Britain. They sent a circular letter through the country 
offering pardon to those who would submit, and threat- 
ening those who refused. But Congress and the colonies 
cared little about it. 

IG. Further Attempts to make Peace. — After the battle 
of Long Island the two Howes sent to Congress, asking 
for a committee to confer with them. They thought that 
after the defeat the Americans would be more yielding. 
The committee met them on Staten Island, but nothing 
came of the conference. The English commissioners had 
no authority to treat of independence : the Americans, 
on the other hand, would accept nothing less. 

17. Congress seeks Help from France. — In December, 
Congress sent Benjamin Franklin, Silas Deane, and Ar- 
thur Lee, to France, to seek assistance. France was not 
yet willing to help the Americans openly, for she was at 
peace with England, but she found means to assist them 
privately. 

14. What is Raid of Congress? Why was the year 1770 so important? Who 
wrote this ? Who formed the committee with Jefferson ? 

15. What was done by the two Howes ? How was it noticed ? 

If.. ^\ hat other effort was made by Howe ? How did this succeed ? 

1 .. ^^ ho were .«ent to France, and why? With what success did they meet ? 



REVOLUTIONAEY WAR — 1777. 



95 



1777. 

1. Washington and Cornwallis at Trenton.— Washington 
was encamped at Trenton in the beginning of January, 
1777. Cornwallis moved in force from Princeton to attack 
him, and on the night of the 2d of January was in front 
of his camp. Washington was in a dangerous position, 
with the Delaware in his rear and the British in front. 

2. Cornwallis outgeneraled — Battle of Princeton. — He 
quickly formed his j^lans, and sent off his heavy bag- 
gage down the river through the night. With his 
troops he moved round Cornwallis's army early in the 
morning, and marched rapidly to Princeton. Near this 
place he met some British on their way to join Corn- 
wallis, and defeated them, January 3. 

3. The American Army at Morristown. — Cornwallis 
heard the firing, and 
moved quickly to 
Princeton, but, before 
his arrival, Washing- 
ton was well on the 
road toward Morris- 
town. Here, among 
the hills, his feeble 
army spent the win- 
ter. He made so very 
good use of his men, 
however, that when 
spring came, the Brit- 
ish had been compel- 
led to abandon every 
post in New Jersey, 
except New Brunswick and Perth Amboy. 

1. What movement was made by Cornwallis in January ? What was Wash- 
ington's situation ? 

2. How was Cornwallis outgeneraled ? What battle followed ? 

3. Describe Cornwallis's movements. Where did Washington spend the win- 
ter ? How did he employ a part of his army ? 




SEAT OF WAR LN NEW JERSEY. 



96 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

4. Burning of Danbury. — Tlie active operations of the 
spring began with an expedition sent by General Tryon, 
of New York, against Danbury, Connecticut. It went in 
vessels, by the Sound, and landing between Fairfield and 
Norwalk, April 26, marched to Danbury, and destroyed 
tlie American stores collected there. On their way back 
to tile Sound, the Britisli were attacked by the militia, and 
lost 300 men. Among the Americans killed was General 
Wooster, a veteran of the French and Indian war. 

5. Attack on Sag Harbor. — As an offset to this. Colonel 
Meigs, with 120 Connecticut men, crossed the Sound in 
wliale-boats, and destroyed a great quantity of stores 
and twelve vessels at Sag Harbor, Long Island. They 
also took ninety prisoners, and returned without losing a 
man. 

6. Arrival of foreign Officers.— The army was greatly 
benefited by the arrival of foreign officers from France 
and Germany. A young nobleman, the Marquis de La- 
fayette, fitted out a vessel at his own expense, and ar- 
rived this year. Baron Steuben, a Prussian officer, and 
Baron de Kalb, also joined the army, togetlier with Kos- 
ciusko and Pulaski, two young Polish patriots. 

7. British abandon New Jersey.— Through the winter, 
the British were chiefly confined to New Brunswick and 
Perth Amboy. In the spring. General Howe tried to 
draw Washington into a general battle, but the latter 
was too wary, and Howe finally withdrew the British 
to Statcn Island. At Sandy Hook his troops embarked 
on board his brother's fleet, and then sailed to Chesa- 
peake Bay. 

^ 8. Seat of War changed to Pennsylvania.— Howe's ob- 
ject was to capture Philadelphia. He could not go up 
the Delaware River, because that was guarded by two 

4. What expedition was there in the spring? Describe the operations. 
r». TIow was this revenged ? 

C. What distinguished nobleman came from France ? Name the other foreigners 
mentioned. 
T. What attempts were made by the British ? What did Howe finally do ? 



REVOLUTIONARY AVAR 1777. 



97 



forts and several war vessels below Philadelphia. He 
landed at the head of Chesapeake Bay, August 25. 

9. The British cross the Brandywine. — As soon as 
Washington understood Howe's object, he moved rapid- 
ly to Pennsylvania, and met the British at a place called 
Chad's Ford, on the Brandywine River, September 11. 
A battle took place here, in which Washington was de- 
feated with the loss of 1200 men. 

10. They enter Philadelphia. — The Americans fell back 
as the British advanced. At Paoli, General Wayne, 
while watching the enemy, was himself surprised, Sep- 
tember 20, and lost 300 men. Washington, with his 




PHILADELPHIA 



VICINITY. 

1777. 
4 6 S 10 



weakened army, did not dare to hazard another battle 
for the defense of Philadelphia, and retired to Pottsgrove, 
on the Schuylkill. The British entered Philadelphia Sep- 
tember 26. 



8. What was Howe's object? Why did he take this rouudabout way ? When 
and where did he land ? 

9. What steps did Washington take to prevent this ? What battle took place, 
and when ? For what did Washington risk this battle ? 

10. What followed the battle ? What happened at Paoli ? Why did not Wash- 
ington hazard another battle ? What was the result ? 



E 



98 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

11. Battle of German town. — The bulk of the enemy 
was eneainped at Germantown, near Philadelphia. On 
the nio-ht of October 3, Washington marched from his 
camp, fourteen miles off, and at sunrise next morning, 
October 4, attacked the British. Every thing at first 
promised an easy victory, for the enemy were surprised ; 
but in tlie fog of tlie morning the Americans were sep- 
arated, the enemy rallied, and Washington was compelled 
to retreat with the loss of 1000 men. 

12. The Forts on the Delaware.— Although Howe was 
in Philadelphia, he felt that his situation was unsafe so 
long as the American forts held command of the river. 
These were known as forts Mercer, or Red Bank, and 
Mifflin. On the 22d of October 1200 Hessians attacked 
Fort Mercer, and were repulsed. Their commander, 
Count Donop, and 400 men were killed. 

13. Fort Mifflin and Fort Mercer lost.— From November 
10th to the 15th Fort Mifflin was bombarded, and so 
much injured that the Americans were forced to aban- 
don it. This led to the abandonment of Fort Mercer, 
two days after ; and now the river was open to the Brit- 
ish. Washington took his army into winter-quarters at 
Valley Forge. This ended the year's campaign in that 
quarter. 

14. Events in the North— Burgoyne's Invasion. — While 
the British were moving against Philadelphia, another 
expedition was started from Canada, to come down to 
the Hudson, through Lake Champlain. The object was 
to cut off the communication between the Eastern and 
Middle States. This seemed the more easy to be done, 
as Washington was occupied with Howe in Pennsylvania. 

11. How did Washington try to retrieve his misfortunes ? Tell why he did not 
succeed. 

12. Why did Howe consider his position insecure ? Describe the attack on 
Fort Mercer. 

13. What attack was made in November ? What was the result ? How did 
the ycai'.s campaicin here close ? 

14. What expedition approached from the north ? What was its object? Did 
this seem easy? 



REVOLUTIONARY WAR 1 777. 



99 



15. Burgoyne takes Ticonderoga. — Burgoyne, with 8000 
men, aj^peared before Ticonderoga, held by General St. 
Clair, on the 2d of July. This place was taken with 
trifling resistance. The garrison retreated rapidly, but 
were overtaken and badly 
beaten at Hubbardton, July 
7. The wreck of St. Clair's 
troops made their way to 
Fort Edward, where General 
Schuyler was in command of 
5000 raw militia, called the 
Army of the North. 

16. He reaches Fort Edward. 
— Burgoyne's army was at 
Skenesborough, twenty -four 
miles from Fort Edward. 
Schuyler's principal object 
now was to gain time, so 
that the militia could be as- 
sembled from the neighboring 
country. He therefore broke 
up the roads, by destroying 
the bridges and felling trees 
in the way. He did this so 
well that Burgoyne was two 
weeks in reaching the Hudson. 
On his approach Fort Edward 
was abandoned, July 29, and 
the American army retired to Stillwater, near the mouth 
of the Mohawk. 

17. The Death of Miss M'Crea. — As Burgoyne was ap- 
proaching the fort, occurred the death of Miss M'Crea, a 
young lady betrothed to a loyalist oflicer in Burgoyne's 
army. She was captured by Indians near Fort Edward ; 

15. What place was first takeu, and when ? What followed ? Who commanded 
the Americans ? 

16. Where was Burgoyne ? What was Schuyler's plan ? How did he accom- 
plish this ? What point did the British reach ? 




BUKGOYNE e CAMPAIGN. 



100 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

and ^vllile tbey were conveying her to the British camp, 
tlie Americans in the fort lired on her captors, and Miss 
I^I'Crea was killed. The story spread that she had been 
killed and scalped by the savages. It greatly increased 
the liatred toward the British, and brought many volun- 
teers to the American camp. 

1 8. St. Leger's Expedition up the Mohawk. — While Bur- 
fvoyne was on Lake Champlain, he sent Colonel St. Leger, 
with some Canadians, Tories, and Indians, into the valley 
of the Mohawk, to raise the Tories in that quarter. He 
laid siege to Fort Schuyler, where Rome now stands, 
August 3. General Herkimer, with 800 militia, marched 
to the relief of the garrison, but fell into an ambuscade, 
and was killed. While this was going on, the garrison 
repulsed a part of St. Leger's force. That officer, learn- 
ing that Arnold, sent by Schuyler, was approaching, and 
being abandoned by his Indian allies, abandoned the siege 
and retreated to Canada. 

19. Battle of Bennington. — Here were disasters enough 
already fallen on Burgoyne : the delayed march to 
Fort Edward, and loss of precious time — the murder of 
Miss M'Crea, and rousing of the country — the loss of St. 
Leger. Now came another. Burgoyne sent 800 men to 
Bennington, to seize the stores collected there. Colonel 
Stark, at the head of the Green Mountain militia, met 
and defeated them. This was scarce done, when there 
came another fresh body of British, and, fortunately, they 
were also met and defeated by a fresh body of Ameri- 
cans, under Colonel Warner. Thus there were really two 
battles on the same day, August 16. 

20. Burgoyne at a Stand. — Burgoyne began to despair 
about going down the Hudson. He would gladly have 

17. Who was Miss M'Crea? Describe the story of her mnrder. What effect 
did it prodnce? 

18. Where was St. Leger sent ? With what object ? What place did he reach ? 
What hapi)cued here ? \Vhat was the result of the expedition ? 

10. What statement is made of Burgoyne's disasters ? What was the object of 
the Bennington expedition? Describe it. 



^ 5 



REVOLUTIONARY AVAR 1777. 101 

gone back to Ticonderoga, but the militia were gathered 
in large numbers in his rear. Presently he received fresh 
supplies of provisions, and crossed the Hudsoi] to the 
plains of Saratoga, where he threw up intrenchments. 

21. First Battle of Stillwater. — Congress, meanwhile, 
had taken away the command from Schuyler and given 
it to General Gates. He left the position at the mouth 
of the Mohawk and encamped on Bemis's Heights, near 
Burgoyne. On the 19th of September Burgoyne risked 
a battle, which, after severe fighting, ended in his favor. 
But it was not decisive, and the two armies lay within 
cannon-shot, watching each other, for two weeks. 

22. Second Battle of Stillwater. — Burgoyne's case was 
becoming more desperate every day. He was short of 
provisions, and completely hemmed in. On October 7 he 
risked another battle, and was beaten, with the loss of 400 
men and a part of his intrenched camp. Soon after he 
fell back to Saratoga, hoping to receive help from Clin- 
ton, who was advancing from New York. 

23. Surrender of Burgoyne. — But the Americans would 
give him no rest, and increased in numbers every day. 
Besides, he had only three days' provisions in camp. In 
despair he surrendered his army of 6000 men, with all 
his cannon, muskets, and ammunition, to General Gates, 
on the 17th of October, 1777. 

24. Clinton's Movements. — Clinton, who was making 
his way up the Hudson to Burgoyne's help, had captured 
forts Clinton and Montgomery, at the entrance to the 
Highlands. When he heard the news of the surrender 
he dismantled the forts, and, after burning the village of 
Kingston, returned to New York. 

20. What was Burgoyne's situation ? What movement did he make? 

21. Who now commanded the Americans ? What did he do? What happen- 
ed on the 19th of September ? 

22. What was now Burgoyne's situation ? How did he attempt to benefit him- 
self? His success. What were his hopes? 

23. To what point was he reduced ? What Avas the end? 

24. Where, meanwhile, was Clinton ? How did the news of the surrender af- 
fect his movements ? 



102 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

25. Effect of Burgoyne's Surrender.— This extraordina- 
Yy (.vent— the surrender of a British army, with all of its 
splendid train of artillery, tents, and baggage— caused 
o-reat rejoicing throughout the country. It served to 
raise the drooping spirits of the patriots, who were great- 
ly cast down by the success of Howe and the capture of 
IMiiladelphia. It produced still more important results 
abroad which we shall see in the history of the next year. 

1778. 

1. The Condition of the two Armies. — The American 
army spent a wretched winter, in their huts, at Valley 
Foroe. They were without shoes, and many of them 
were in rags ; often they were short of provisions. On 
the other hand, the British troops in Philadelphia were 
enjoying themselves in comfortable quarters. 

2. England's Offers of Peace. — When spring opened, the 
state of aftairs began to brighten. The capture of Buij: 
goyiie thoroughly alarmed the English Government, and 
in January two bills were passed in Parliament to con- 
ciliate the Americans. One of these renounced all in- 
tention to tax America, the other appointed five com- 
missioners to treat with the colonies for the restoration 
of English authority. These measures wholly failed, for 
Congress would listen to no terms but independence. 

n. French Alliance and Help. — The surrender of Bur- 
goync had also a powerful influence in France. That 
court, in February, concluded two treaties with the United 
States— one, of commerce ; the other, of offensive and de- 
fensive alliance against Great Britain. A French fleet, 
under Count D'P^staing {da-sta nr/') , Avas dispatched, about 
the middle of A])ril, to the assistance of the Americans. 

25. What effect did the surrender of Burgoyne produce on the American people ? 

1. Where, and in what condition, was Washington's army daring the winter? 
The British army ? 

'-'. How did the capture of Burgoyne affect the English? What did Govern- 
ment do ? How were these offers received ? 

3. What great event occurred in Febiunrv, 177S? What immediate help was 
sent ? 



REVOLUTIONARY WAR — 1778. 103 

4. The British leave Philadelphia. — The English Gov- 
ernment was on the alert. General Howe was recalled, 
and Sir Henry Clinton succeeded to* the command. As 
the French fleet, which was daily expected off the coast, 
might block up the mouth of the Delaware, the British 
fleet in that river was ordered to Sandy Hook. Clinton 
was also ordered to evacuate Philadelphia. He accord- 
ingly left that city, June 18, and pushed across New Jer- 
sey to New York. 

5. The Pursuit— Battle of Monmouth. — Washington fol- 
lowed him, and came up with him at Monmouth, where 
a severe battle was fought, June 28. Lee led the ad- 
vance, but at first was compelled to fall back in some 
disorder. Washington, hurrying up with the main body, 
restored the battle, which ended without any gain on ei- 
ther side. Before sunrise next morning Clinton was well 
on his way to Raritan Bay, where he embarked on the 
fleet for New York. Washington gave up the pursuit. 

6. Lee is Court-martialed. — When Washington saw the 
disorder of Lee's division during the battle, he reprimand- 
ed him with some severity. Lee's pride was hurt, and he 
addressed two improper letters to his general, in one of 
which he demanded satisfaction. Washington promptly 
ordered him under arrest. He was then tried by court- 
martial, and sentenced to be suspended from the service 
for one year; but he never rejoined the army. 

7. The French at Rhode Island. — In July the French 
fleet, with 4000 troops on board, arrived in the Delaware, 
but too late to blockade the British fleet, which was then 
safe in Raritan Bay. An expedition was therefore ar- 
ranged against the British on Rhode Island, and General 
Sullivan, with an American force, was ordered to co-oper- 
ate with D'Estaing in the attack. Before this was made, 

4. What change took place at Philadelphia ? What orders were given, and by 
whom? When did Clinton leave ? Where did he go ? 

5. What is said of the pursuit? Of the battle that followed? What was the 
result of the battle? 

6. What is said of Lee's conduct? What was done to Lee ? 



104 IIISTOKY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Lord Howe appeared off Narragansett Bay. The two 
fleets tried to engage, August 10; but a storm shattered 
them both, and D'Estaing sailed to Boston to relit, while 
Howe returned to Xew York. 

s. Failure of the Expedition. — Meanwhile Sullivan had 
moved against General Pigot's lines at Newport. Find- 
ing himself unsupported by the French fleet, he fell back 
to the north end of the island, pursued by the British. 
Til ere, August 29, was fought the obstinate battle of 
(Quaker Hill, in which the British were repulsed. On the 
night of the 30th Sullivan Avithdrew his army to the main 
land. It was well that he did so ; for Clinton arrived 
from New York next day at Newport, with a squadron 
and 4000 men. 

9. The British ravage the Coast-towns. — Some of these 
troops were sent, under General Grey, to ravage the coast 
to the eastward. Grey destroyed the shipping, laid waste 
New Bedford, Fair Haven, and Martha's Vineyard, and 
returned with much plunder to New York. 

10. Massacre of Wyoming.— Cruel as Grey was, he was 
far surpassed by the Tories and Indians, under Colonel 
Uutler and the Indian chief, Brandt, in Pennsylvania. In 
July, 1 100 of them entered the beautiful Valley of Wyo- 
ming, laid waste the fields, burned the houses, and mur- 
dered the inhabitants. The same kind of cruelties were 
Ijerpetrated at Cherry Valley, New York, in November 
following. The employment of Indians by the British in 
the war, and the dreadful atrocities committed by them, 
mcreased the feeling of bitter hatred against England. 

11. The War changes to the South.— The chief'^scene of 
the war was now to be changed to the South. In Decem- 
ber Clinton sent Colonel Campbell with an expedition to 

wLi?^^ 

did ^Z.^"^ '*"'' ^^''^ ^"'l'^''")!' "lavements ? What battle was fought ? How 
<1.(1 S illivan save his army ? Why was he fortuuate in this ? 
9. W h.it expedition followed ? What is said of it ? 

mice Mitrli' .?r'"'"" ^ What happened in the valley in Jnly ? What other 
place PufTered m the same way ? What is said of the Indians ? 



REVOLUTIONARY WAR 1779. 105 

attack Savannah, in Georgia. This was successful, and 
General Robert Howe, the American commander, surren- 
dered, with the garrison, December 29. 

12. The Results of the War. — The war had now lasted 
five years, and the British held only New York, Savannah, 
and Rhode Island. The Americans, though poor and suf- 
fering, had now the French openly active on their side, 
and fought on, determined to gain their independence. 

1779. 

1. The War in the South — Georgia. — General Prevost 
took command of the British forces in Georgia early in 
January. On the 9th of the same month Sunbury was 
surrendered to him. He then sent Colonel Campbell to 
Augusta to organize the Tories, who were numerous in 
that neighborhood. Seven hundred of these put them- 
selves under Colonel Boyd, and set out toward Augusta. 
On their way they were attacked, February 14, at Kettle 
Creek, by the Carolina militia, under Colonel Pickens, 
and defeated with heavy loss. 

2. Americans defeated at Brier Creek. — Lincoln, the 
American general, took advantage of this, and sent Gen- 
eral Ashe to threaten Augusta. Campbell at once fell 
back to Brier Creek, about half way to Savannah. Ashe 
followed him, but was surprised, March 3, by Campbell, 
and his whole force destroyed or dispersed. 

3. Prevost moves on Charleston. — Prevost, on hearing of 
this defeat, pushed to Charleston, and demanded its sur- 
render. Lincoln, being re-enforced, moved rapidly to its 
support, and pressed Prevost so closely that the latter 
was forced to retire to the island of St. John. Lincoln 
followed him, and the battle of Stono Ferry was fought, 
June 20, in which Lincoln was repulsed with severe loss. 
Shortly after, Prevost fell back into Georgia, and the hot 

11. Where did the English send an expedition ? Its success. 

12. What had the British gained so far? What is said of the Americans ? 

1. Who took command in Georgia ? What led to the battle of Kettle Creek ? 

2. What advantage was taken of this defeat ? What was the result ? 

E 2 



I (10 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

and sickly season put a stop to military operations for 
several niontlis. 

4. American Repulse at Savannah.— In the month of 
September a combined attack on Savannah was made by 
the French fleet, under D'Estaing, and the Americans, un- 
der Lincoln. D'Estaing would not wait for the opera- 
tions of a regular siege, and an assault was ordered, in 
which the French and Americans were repulsed with 
great loss. Among the killed was Count Pulaski. D'Es- 
taing presently sailed away to the West Indies, and Lin- 
coln fell back into South Carolina. 

5. Virginia ravaged. — In May 2500 British from New 
York, under General Mathews, entered the Chesapeake. 
They sailed up the Elizabeth and the James rivers, burnt 
the shipping, destroyed $2,000,000 worth of property, 
and brought away 3000 hogsheads of tobacco. This was 
merely a marauding expedition. Its sole object Avas 
l)lunder, or the destruction of American property. 

G. Events in the North— Stony Point.— The bulk of the 
American army, under Washington, lay on and near the 
Hudson. Two forts had been erected at the entrance to 
the Highlands — one, on Stony Point ; the other, on Ver- 
l)lanck'8 Point, opposite. In June both of these were 
turned by Clinton. In July Washington ordered General 
Wayne to recapture Stony Point at all hazards. At 
midnight, on the 15th, his troops moved to the attack, in 
two columns, and carried the works at the point of the 
bayonet with trifling loss. It was a most brilliant afiair, 
but it proved of no great value, for the British came np 
the river in force, and the Americans abandoned the fort. 

7. Paulus Hook-Long Island Sound.— A few days after, 
Major Lee surprised the British garrison at Paulus Hook, 

3. IIow (lid Prevost improve this victory? Was he interrupted, and how? 
What battle occurred ? See Map, p. 100. IIow did all these movements end ? 

4. What important attaclv was made in September ? With what result ? Why 
did the attack chiefly fail ? Who was among the killed ? 

r>. Ciive an account of the British expedition to Virginia. 
C. What and where were the defenses of the Highlands? Describe its capture 
by the Americans. IIow long did it remain in their possession ? 



REVOLUTIONARY WAR 1779. 



107 



now Jersey City, and took 160 
prisoners. While these events 
were taking place, Gen. Tryon, 
from New York, sailed through 
Long Island Sound, plundered 
New Haven, and burned Fair- 
field and Norwalk. 

8. Disaster on the Penobscot. — 
A severe disaster haj^pened as 
far east as the Penobscot River, 
in Maine. Some 1500 Massa- 
chusetts militia, sent in a flotilla 
to attack a British j^ost on that 
river, were followed by five En- 
glish war Vessels. The Avhole 
flotilla was either destroyed or 
captured on the river, and the 
men were driven into the wil- 
derness, August 13th. 

9. Indians punished. — General 
Sullivan was sent in the summer 
to Western New York, to avenge 
the massacre of Wyoming and 
punish the Indians. He defeated 
them, August 29, at a place now known as Elmira, in the 
battle of the Chemung. After destroying the Indian vil- 
lages and laying waste the country, he returned. 

10. Naval Victory. — Paul Jones, an American oflicer, in 
command of three ships of war fitted out in France, was 
cruising near the British coast in September. He fell in 
with two heavily armed English frigates, and, at the close 
of a bloody engagement of three hours, both frigates sur- 
rendered to Jones. 




STAT EN 

T 



THE HUDSON — NEWBUBG. 



7. What occurred opposite New York about this time ? Describe the British 
expedition to the eastward. 

8. What disaster befell the Americans farther east ? Narrate this. 

9. Who was sent to Western New York ? What happened there ? 

10. Who was Paul Jones ? What occurred durino- his cruise ? 



108 



lilSTOllY OF THE UNITED STATES. 




1780. 

1. Events in the South— Capture of Charleston. — Clin- 
ton sailed from New Yoi'k in January, at the head of a 
large force, and appeared before Charleston, South Caro- 
lina, in February. The place was defended by General 
Lincoln. The siege began on the 1st of April. Tarle- 
ton, an active cavalry officer, was sent to cut off an Amer- 
ican force stationed at Monk's Corner, thirty miles north 
of Charleston. He surprised and defeated them with se- 
vere loss. This and the loss of some other posts shut off 
Lincoln's communications with the country. The siege 
was meanwhile pressed with such vigor that Lincoln was 
forced to surrender Charleston, with 6000 men. May 12. 

2. Carolina subjugated.— Clinton proceeded to overrun 
Carolina by sending off different expeditions. Tarleton, 
at the head of one of these, fell suddenly on a body of 
Americans under Colonel Buford, at Waxhaw {wdh-haic) 
Creek, :\Iay 29, and put nearly all of them to the sword. 
The other expeditions were also successful. 

3. Cornwallis in Command.— Clinton thought his work 
was done in South Carolina, and, leaving Cornwallis in 



1. NVHint important movement was made in January? How was it defeated ? 
N\ hat event hastened tlie Purrender ? When did it sixrrender ? 
-'. How did Clinton follow this np? Narrate what is said of these. 



REVOLUTIONARY WAR 1 780. 



109 



command, sailed to New York. The Tories were very 
active, and large numbers joined the British. On the 
other hand, the patriot leaders, Marion, Sumter, and Pick- 
ens, rallied around them small bodies of men, who gave 
the British great trouble. At Hanging Rock, east of the 
Wateree River, on the 16th of August, Sumter defeated a 
large body of regulars and Tories. 




4. Gates defeated at Camden. — There was no regular 
army at the South, and Congress sent Gates, the con- 
queror of Burgoyne, to form one. He gathered an army 
together, and met Cornwallis at Sanders's Creek, near 
Camden, South Ca.rolina, August 6. The battle, which 
was short and violent, ended in the complete defeat of 
Gates. De Kalb, who was present, was mortally wounded. 

5. Sumter defeated— Greene succeeds Gates. — This was 
not the only disaster. On the 18th of August Tarleton 
surprised Sumter on the Catawba, and destroyed nearly 



3. Who was appointed to the command ? Why was this ? How did the Amer- 
ican patriots act ? Give an example of Sumter's activity. 

4. Who was sent into Carolina, and why ? What important event followed ? 



110 HISTORY OP THE UNITED STATES. 

all his corps. Gates made some efforts to get together 
an army, but failed, and Congress appointed General 
Greene to his command. 

G, Battle of King's Mountain. — Cornwallis moved into 
North Carolina, and sent Colonel Ferguson before him to 
rally the Tories in the mountainous region. Ferguson 
was attacked at King's Mountain, October 7, by Colonel 
Campbell and a number of backwoods riflemen, and w^as 
slain, with 150 of his men. Campbell's men were so in- 
censed by the barbarities of the Tories in P^erguson's 
band, that they hung a number of the prisoners after the 
battle. Cornwallis, when he heard of the defeat, fell back 
into South Carolina. 

1. Events in the North— Suffering at Morristown. — The 
American army, under Washington, was encamped among 
the hills of Morristown during the winter of l779-'80. 
They suffered greatly for want of provisions, and could 
get no pay, for Congress could not send them money. 
When May came, there was absolute famine among them. 
To such a point did this reach, that two Connecticut 
regiments were about to march into the country and gain 
subsistence at the point of the bayonet, but were finally 
persuaded by Washington to remain in camp. 

8. British in New Jersey.— In the absence of Clinton 
at Charleston, General Knyphausen {nip'how-zen)^ who 
was left in command at New York, heard of this state 
of things at Morristown, and thought it a good time to 
move into New Jersey. He was firmly met at Spring- 
field by General Greene, where a sharp fight occurred, 
June 2.3. Knyphausen soon after returned to New 
York. 

9. The French at Newport.— A French fleet, with 7000 



5. What other disaster occurred ? Who succeeded Gates ? What movements 
were made by the British ? 

C. Describo the battle of King's Mountain. How did this affect Cornwallis? 
wl* .u ^^^^ ^^'«shington'8 army during the winter ? What was its condition ? 
What happened ni camp ? 

8. What advantage did the British take of this ? How were they resisted ? 



REVOLUTIONARY WAR 1780. Ill 

men on board, arrived at Newport in July. Rhode Isl- 
and had been evacuated by the British some time pre- 
vious. Great things were hoped for from this assistance ; 
but a heavy fleet arrived from England, and blockaded 
the French in Narragansett Bay. 

10. Treason of Arnold— his History. — The great event 
of the year was the treason of Benedict Arnold. He had 
greatly distinguished himself by his reckless bravery, 
and Washington trusted him so much as to appoint 
him commander at Philadelphia after Clinton left that 
city. He married here into a wealthy family, and lived 
so far beyond his means that he became deeply involved 
in debt. His enemies charged him with embezzling the 
public funds ; and on this charge he was tried, and sen- 
tenced to be reprimanded by Washington. His proud 
mind could not endure this disgrace, and he resolved on 
revenge. 

11. Takes Command of West Point. — He had still so 
much influence with Washington as to get the command 
of West Point, the Avorks that had been built to guard 
the Highlands on the Hudson. He at once opened a cor- 
respondence with Clinton, at New York, to surrender this 
post to the British ; and Major Andre, a young English 
ofticer, under the name of John Anderson, was sent up 
the river to complete the arrangements with Arnold. 

12. Andre captured— Arnold escapes. — They met near 
Haverstravv, September 22, and settled every thing. On 
his way back, by land, to New York, Andre was arrested 
by three American militia-men, and the plans of West 
Point were found concealed in his boots. He was taken 
to the nearest American post, and the commander thought- 
lessly permitted him to write to Arnold that Anderson 
was taken. Arnold at once escaped on his barge to the 

9. What help arrived in July ? Of how much service did it prove ? 

10. What was ihe great event of 1780 ? Give some account of his life at Phila- 
delphia. Why was he removed from his command ? State the result. 

11. What new appointment did he receive ? What use did he make of this? 
What is said of Andre ? 



112 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Vulture, the Britisli sliip that liacl brought Andre up the 
river, and so reached New York in safety. 

13. Execution of Andre. — Andre was taken to Tappan 
— opposite to Tarrytown — where he was tried by court- 
martial as a spy. On the trial he made a frank statement 
of the whole aft'air, and was condemned to death. He 
was executed October 2, 1780. His fate excited great 
pity, but he died justly, according to the laws of war. 
Arnold received from the British the rank of brigadier 
general and £10,000. 

1781. 

1. Mutiny at Morristown.— A large part of the north- 
ern troops were again at Morristown during the winter 
of 1780-'81. They had more food, but they w^ere in great 
want of pay and clothing. Some 1300 troops of the 
Pennsylvania line thought their time of service was up, 
left the camp on January 1, and began their march to 
Philadelphia to demand redress from Congress. On their 
way, spies from Clinton met them, with persuasions to join 
the British service. But though angry with Congress, 
they were still American patriots, and the agents were 
promptly seized and handed over to General Wayne. 

2. The Mutiny quieted.— A committee from Congress 
met these troops at Princeton, and yielded to their de- 
mands. This trouble was no sooner settled than the 
troops at Pompton, New Jersey, mutinied. But Wash- 
ington at once took the business in hand, and put the mu- 
tineers down by force. Congress now made extraordi- 
nary exertions to relieve the sufferings of the army, and 
in ]iart succeeded. Being without money or credit, it 
was forced to plead with the States for help, but they 



12. Where did he and Arnofd meet? What happened to Andre? What be- 
came of Arnold? 

TTni ^'''''' !^'^ T"^ °^ ^"^'■'*'' ^"^^ ^""^ '^^^th- How was his death regarded ? 
How was Arnold rewarded ? 

1pIh7 u'W ^^"^ ^'j^'liti"!-' "f the troops at Morristown? To what did this 
ipnd ? ^^ hnt occurred on their mnrrh ? 



KEVOLUTIONAKY WAK 1781. 113 

were also very poor. It was at this time that Robert 
Morris, a Philadelphia merchant, stepped in, and by his ef- 
forts greatly helped to save the American cause from ruin. 

3. Events in the South— Arnold ravages Virginia. — The 
traitor Arnold began the military movements of the year 
in January by leading an expedition to the James River, 
and plundering and burning Richmond. The militia as- 
sembled, and he fell back to Portsmouth. There was a 
plan laid to catch the traitor, by means of the French 
fleet on one side, and Lafayette with the troops on the 
other ; but it failed. A British fleet defeated the French 
admiral off" the Chesapeake, and the British, under Gen- 
eral Philips, intrenched themselves at Portsmouth. 

4. Cornwallis in North Carolina. — About the same time 
Cornwallis moved into North Carolina. He sent Tarle- 
ton to get between Greene and Morgan, whose divisions 
were separated. This fiery officer struck Morgan at the 
Cowpens, January IV, and was sweeping every thing be- 
fore him, when Morgan turned on him, and defeated him 
with great loss. 

5. Cornwallis pursues Morgan. — Cornwallis, on hearing 
of Tarleton's defeat, pushed on to cut off^ Morgan's re- 
treat into Virginia, but reached the Catawba a few hours 
after Morgan had crossed. The rain swelled the river, 
and Cornwallis could not follow for several days. Mor- 
gan, with Cornwallis behind him, pressed for the Yadkin, 
where he was joined by Greene, who took command. 

6. Greene's Retreat. — At that river the rain again 
saved Morgan, as at the Catawba. Every nerve was 
now strained by both armies for the Dan. Greene, with 
many of his men tracking the ground with their shoeless 
feet, reached the river and crossed it just as Cornwallis 

2. How was the mutiny quieted ? What occurred elsewhere ? What good re- 
sulted to the army generally ? What was the condition of Congress ? 

3. How was the year hegun ? What plan was laid, and with what success ? 
Why did it fail ? t 

4. Where and when did Cornwallis move? What about Tarleton ? How did 
he lose the battle of the Cowpens ? 

5. How did this affect Cornwallis? Why did he not catch Morgan ? 



114 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

came in sight. The British general now gave up the pur- 
suit, and retired slowly south. Greene received great 
praise lor his skillful retreat. 

7. Battle of Guilford Court-house. — No sooner had 
Cornwallis retired than Greene, being re-enforced, fol- 
lowed him to watch his motions. On the 15th of March 
Cornwallis attacked him at Guilford Court-house, and 
drove him for several miles. Greene fought so well that 
Cornwallis, notwithstanding his victory, thought it wise 
to fall back to Wilmington, near the sea-coast. 

8. Hobkirk's Hill. — Greene now went into South Caro- 
lina, to watch the British forces there, under Lord Raw- 
don. At Hobkirk's Hill, near Camden, Greene was de- 
feated by Rawdon, April 24, after a severe battle. Like 
that of Guilford Court-house, the victory was of no use 
to the British. They suffered so much, and Greene was 
so active after the battle, that Rawdon was forced to re- 
treat to the neighborhood of Charleston. 

9. South Carolina recovered. — The partisan officers, Ma- 
rion, Lee, and Pickens, were in the mean time so active 
tliat, by the month of June, only three posts were held 
by the British in South Carolina— Charleston, Nelson's 
Ferry, and Ninety-six, near the Saluda River. Greene 
tried to take the latter by assault, on June 18, but was 
repulsed with severe loss. On June 5, Augusta, Geor- 
t^na, was surrendered to Lee and Pickens. 

10. British driven toward Charleston. — Stewart, who 
siicceedcd Rawdon in South Carolina, was attacked by 
Greene, September 8, at Eutaw Springs. The battle at 
first was in favor of the Americans, but the British ral- 
lied, and Greene fell back in good order. In the night 

C. Who now took command of the Americans ? Describe the retreat of Greene. 

7. What movements followed ? Give the battle of March 15. Its resnlt. 

8 ^^ here did Greene now go, and for what? State the battle that followed, 
nna Its result. See, for these movements, Map, pa^e 109 

0. By wluim were the British harassed ? What i's a partisan officer ? A parti- 
r.nno '■','■ ''I'Z commands a body of light troops which are not closely 

f o. 11^8 T 1 T ''™^' '''^''^ ''^'^'' "'^ independently. What was gained 



REVOLUTIONARY WAR — 1781. 115 

Stewart was follow^ed by Greene as far as Monk's Cor- 
ner, some thirty miles north of Charleston. 

11. Cornwallis in Virginia. — Cornwallis, Avhom we left 
at Wilmington, moved north from that place, and entered 
Petersburg, Virginia, on the 20th of May. It will be re- 
membered that General Philips occupied Portsmouth af- 
ter Arnold was on the Chesapeake. Philips joined Corn- 
wallis, and the latter, under orders from Clinton, encamp- 
ed at Yorktown, at the mouth of York River, and threw 
up fortifications. 

12. He is entrapped at Yorktown. — V^ashington now 
saw^ that the time had arrived for a decisive movement. 
The French army numbered 7000 men ; the American 
troops had been re-enforced ; there was a powerful 
French fleet, and a plan was agreed on to blockade the 
Chesapeake with the fleet, while the French and Ameri- 
can allied army attacked Cornwallis from the land side. 
W^ashington, who had been threatening ^ew York, quiet- 
ly moved his troops into New Jersey, and so deceived 
Clinton that he was far on his way to Virginia before 
the British general suspected his designs. 

13. Arnold burns New London.— It was too late to stop 
him, and Clinton, thinking to draw him back, sent a pow- 
erful force, under Arnold, to attack New London. Fort 
Griswold was taken by assault, and a number of the gar- 
rison shamefully massacred after surrender. The town 
also was burned, together with the shipping. It did not 
for one moment delay Washington's march, however; 
and the New England militia soon compelled Arnold to 
return to New York. 

14. Surrender of Yorktown. — On September 28 the al- 
io. What is said of the battle of September 8? Where were the British com- 
pelled to go ? 

11. What were Coruwallis's movements? Who was at Portsmouth? Why- 
did Cornwallis go to Yorktown ? 

12. How did Washington regard this movement ? WTiat plan was laid ? How 
did Washington deceive Clinton ? 

13. What steps did Clinton take to draw Washington back? How far were 
they successful ? What was done by Arnold ? 



116 



IIISTOHV OF THE IMIKD STATES. 



lied army of 16,000 men was in 
front of Yorktown, the French 
under the command of Count 
Itochambeau {ro-sham-bo'). The 
French fleet, under Admiral De 
Grasse, blocked up the Chesa- 
peake. The siege went on with 
very great rapidity ; intrench- 
ment after intrenchment was 
taken by the allies; and on the 
19th of October Cornwallis sur- 
rendered his army, of nearly TOGO 
The shipping and naval stores, 
with 1500 seamen, were given to the French admiral. 

15. Effect of the Surrender. — The news of this surren- 
der filled the hearts of the American patriots everywhere 
with joy. It was felt that the contest was at an end. A 
second English army, with all its appointments, had fallen 
into tlieir hands. But the EnHish kinof, George III., and 
his Parliament did not think so, and m November they 
talked about continuino^ the war. 




blEUE OK YOKKTOWM. 

men, prisoners of war. 



1782-'83. 

1. The War ended — Treaty of Peace.— Before spring 
opened, public opinion in England changed. In March 
Parliament voted to end the war; and on the 30th of 
November, 1782, a preliminary treaty of peace was signed 
by the American commissioners at Paris. The final trea- 
ty of peace was signed at the same place on September 
:}, 1783. 

2. Distressing State of the Army. — The bulk of the 
Ameriran army was in camp at Newburo- on the Hud- 



14. What was the state of thin-s at Yorktown in September? State what is 
eaid of the Pie^e, and the snrrender. 

15 What was the eflect produced on the Americans bv the surrender? What 
on the Eiit^'lisli Government ? 

.nl;T'"l ^ha"f^«t"*>l< place in the spring ofl782? State the dilTerent impor- 
tant events that followed. 



GOVERNMENT FROM IVSI-'SO. 117 

son, in the years 1782 and 1783. The officers and soldiers 
had great wrongs, which they thought ought to be right- 
ed. They had suffered terribly during the war. They 
had received no pay except in worthless bills, and they 
were going back to their homes poor, and without the 
means of obtaining a livelihood. Serious difficulty was 
apprehended from the excited state of the army. 

3. They obtain some Redress. — Washington used his 
great influence to quiet the feelings of the troops, on the 
one hand. At the same time he was able to persuade 
Congress to grant five years' pay to the officers in one 
sum, instead of half-pay for life, and four months' pay to 
the privates. This settlement was accepted by the army. 

4. Terms of the Treaty of Peace. — By the terms of the 
treaty of Paris the independence of the United States 
was acknowledged; and the boundaries of her territory 
were, westward by the Mississippi, south by Florida, now 
given to Spain, and north by the great lakes and the 
provinces. All west of the Mississippi was understood 
to belong to Spain. 

5. Concluding Events. — On the 3d of November the 
army was disbanded. Not until the 25th did the English 
evacuate New York, and, on the 2d of December, Wash- 
ington, in that city, bade farewell to his officers. He 
then went to Annapolis, where Congress was in session, 
and resigned his commission as commander-in-chief of the 
armies of the United States. In a few days he retired to 
his estate at Mount Vernon, on the Potomac, which he 
had never once visited from the beginning of the war. 

GOVERNMENT FROM 1781 TO 1789. 

1. Articles of Confederation. — When Congress adopted 
the Declaration of Independence, in 1776, it ordered a 

2. What was the state of things at Newburg in 17S2-'S3 ? 

3. Who used his influence to quiet matters ? What settlement was agreed on ? 

4. When was the treaty of peace conchided ? What were its terms ? 

5. When was the army disbanded? When did the last English troops leave 
New York ? What is said of Washington ? 



118 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

coraraittce to prepare Articles of Confederation. These 
were designed to give the United States a national form 
of government, and were adopted by Congress in 1777. 
They were then sent to the States for their approval. 
Four years passed before this Avas obtained, and in 1781 
they were at last ratified by the States. 

2. Powers of Congress during the War. — Till the year 
1781, during almost the entire war, there was no Consti- 
tution or guaranteed form of government. Each State 
was entirely independent. Congress did what it could, 
and worked with great activity, but it had no powers 
granted by the States to enforce its orders. The States 
obeyed or not, just as they saw fit, and this was the cause 
of much of the distress that the army snfiered. 

3. Weakness of the new Government. — The Articles of 
Confederation, Avhen adopted, did not greatly improve 
matte- . The public creditors remained unj^aid, and the 
States treai,ed the orders of Congress with indifference. 
When the Government attempted to raise money by tax- 
ation, the people resisted. In Massachusetts, in the year 
178G, a rebellion, led by Daniel Shay, broke out, and was 
only put down by an armed force. 

4. The Constitution adopted. — It w^as plain that a 
stronger government was necessary. Accordingly, in 
May, 1787, a convention of delegates met at Philadelphia 
to revise the Articles. They soon saw that it would 
be better to frame a ne^v Constitution ; and, after four 
months' deliberation, they recommended the present Con- 
stitution of the United States for adoption by the States. 

5. Its Ratification by the States.— It had been agreed 
in^ conve ntion th at the Constitution should go into opera- 

1. What important measure was adopted by Congress in 17TT ? What was the 
objcc of these Articles ? When were they ratified by the States ? 
,^ qV . ," ^r,"^ "I.?^ government till 17S1 ? What is said of Congress and 
the States ? W^iat did this state of things produce ? 
Mas^chu^etL^?^ Government succeed under the Articles? What happened in 

^fVII!^' 1"?" '?''" 'f ° ^ ^'^* occurred in May, 17ST ? W^hat was the result 
ni incfsc ochbcrations ? 



GOVERNMENT FEOM 1781-89. 119 

tion when nine States had ratified it. Eleven States gave 
their assent to it before the end of 1788; North Caro- 
lina did not until 1789, and Rhode Island not until 1790. 
6. First Election of President.— The old Continental 
Congress, in 1788, appointed the first Wednesday of Jan- 
uary, 1789, as the day for the choice of presidential elect- 
ors, and March 4, 1789, for the first meeting of the new 
Government, in the city of New York. In the election, 
George Washington was unanimously chosen President, 
and John Adams, of Massachusetts, Vice-President. 



EEVIEW QUESTIONS. 

1. Give an account of some of the remote causes of the Eevolution. 

2. What was the immediate cause ? 

3. Why did the colonies oppose this, and what arguments did they use? 

4. What measures greatly increased the quarrel ? Describe these. 

5. What two colonies were most active in their opposition ? 

6. Give a few instances of this activity. • •) 

7. What effect did the opposition of the colonists have on Eng". nd ? 

8. What right did the English Government still claim? 

9. What occurred in Boston in 1770 ? What led to this ? 

10. How did England attempt to reconcile the colonies to taxation ? 

11. How far was this successful ? 

12. Give an account of the famous proceedings at Boston in 1773. 

13. In what way was Boston punished for this ? 

14. Show the feeling of the other colonies in regard to this severity. 

15. What great movement was made in October, 1774 ? 

16. What preparations were made by both sides this year ? 

17. Who were the minute-men ? 

18. Where and how was the first blood shed ? 

19. Describe the Lexington fight till its close. 

20. What was the result of the battle of Lexington ? 

21. What led to the battle of Buuker Hill ? Describe the battle. 

22. When and where did the second Continental Congress meet? 

23. Who was appointed commander-in-chief? 

24. For what were the colonies fighting during 1775? 

25. What other military events were there in 1775 ? 

26. State briefly the result of the Canada expedition. 

27. Why was this undertaken ? 

28. Where were military operations carried on during 1776 ? 

29. With what important events did the year begin and end ? 

30. Sketch the movements of both armies from August until December. 

31. What great measure was passed by Congress in July ? 



5. What important agreement was made in convention ? When was it rati- 
fied, and by what number of States ? When did the others give their assent ? 

6. What body determined when and where the new Government should begin ? 
Who were elected President and Vice-president ? 



120 HISTORY OF TUE UNITED STATES. 

32. Give the names of the members of the committee that prepared this. 

33. What attempts were made by England to conciliate the colonies? 

34. To whom did the Americans turn for help ? 

35. Where were military operations carried on during 1777 V 

36. What were the objects of these two lines of operations ? 

37. Give the principal events that occurred on Howe's march to Philadelphia. 

38. Why was Pliiladelphia so important? 

39. Name the principal events in Burgoyne's operations. 

40. Which of the.se directly led to his destruction ? 

41. Describe Burgoyne's movements during the last month. 
4-2. What was the effect of the surrender? 

43. Where was the American army during the winter, and what was its con- 
dition ? How did this compare with that of the British ? 

44. What was the first great event of the year 1778 ? 

45. To what important military event in America did this lead? 

46. What can you tell about the battle of Monmouth ? 

47. Where was the scene of military operations till December, 1778 ? 
4S. To what point was the principal seat of war then changed? 

49. What generals conducted operations during 1778 ? 

50. What was the state of military affairs at the end of the year? 

51. Where was the scene of military operations during 1779? 

52. Mention the chief events in the South this year. 

53. Give the leading incidents at the North. 

54. Name some of the generals engaged during 1779. 

55. What was the scene of military operations during 1780 ? 
50. Give the principal events at the South. 

57. Who were the tories ? 

5S. What famous event took place at the North in 1780 ? 

59. Give an account of this. 

CO. Where did we hear of Arnold previously in this history ? 

01. Where was the American army in the North during the winter? 

02. With what event did the year open ? 

63. How did this end, and what good resulted to the army? 

04. Where was the scene of military operations during 17S1 ? 

05. Name the principal events of the year in the South. 
GO. Where did the British take post early in the year? 

67. Sketch the movements of the British south of Virginia. 

68. Give an account of Greene's celebrated retreat. 

69. What was the general result of the war in the South in June ? 

70. Name some celebrated partisan officers there. Define this term. 

71. Describe the movements of Cornwallis. 

72. Where did he at last take up a position, and why? 

73. Describe the plans of Washington at this time. 

74. What is said of Clinton at New York ? 

75. What effect was produced by the surrender of Cornwallis. 
70. Give the terms of the treaty of peace. 

77. What dangerous movement occurred in the army before the treaty ? 

78. How was the difficulty met and remedied? 

79. What was the condition of the finances during the war? 

80. Who was King of England during the Revolution ? 

81. Under what form of government were the United States till 1781 ? 

82. What were then adopted? Give their history. 

83. How did this form of government succeed? 

84. Give tlic history of the adoption of the Constitution. 

85. What arrangements were made to start the new Government? 



Washington's administration — 1789-'97. 121 



FEDERAL HALL. 




CAPITD WASHINGTON 



CHAPTER VII. 

THE UNITED STATES UNDER THE CONSTITUTION. 



PART I.— FROM 1789 TO 1817. 

administration of GEORGE WASHINGTON THE FIRST 

PRESIDENT. 

1789-1797. 

1. Commencement of the new Government.— On the 3cl 
of March, 1789, the great Continental Congress of the 
Revolution went quietly out of existence. From May, 
17V5, until that time, a period of fourteen years, it had 
been in constant session, principally at Philadelphia. 
The new Government had been ordered to begin on 
March 4, but the members of Congress arrived so slow- 
ly that Washington was not inaugurated until April 30. 
The ceremony took place in the balcony of Federal Hall, 
in the city of New York, the first capital. 

1. What is said of the old Continental Congress? When and by what was it 
succeeded ? What is said of the inauguration ? 



]22 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

2. Appointment of the Cabinet.— Congress at once cre- 
ated tlu-ee executive departments in the Government. 
Washington chose Thomas Jefferson as the head of the 
Department of State; Alexander Hamilton, of the Treas- 
ury ; and General Knox, of the War Department. These 
tliree heads, called secretaries, were Washington's advis- 
ci-s, or Cabinet officers. 

8. Hamilton's Financial Measures. — The heaviest labor 
fell on Hamilton. The finances of the country were in 
the greatest disorder. Public credit was well-nigh gone, 
and the States were either unable or unwilling to pay the 
public creditors. Hamilton succeeded in getting Con- 
gress, in 1*790, to adopt his plan. The national debt was 
to be paid in full, and the nation agreed to assume the 
debts of the States. 

4. New Capital— United States Bank. — The same year 
the seat of government was changed from New York to 
l^liiladc'lphia, to remain there until the year 1800. It 
was then to be changed to its present place, on the banks 
of the Potomac. In 1791 the Bank of the United States 
was chartered by Congress for twenty years. 

5. Vermont admitted. — Vermont, for a long time claimed 
by New York as part of her territory, was admitted first 
into the Union— thus making the fi^urteenth State. She 
applied for admission during the war, but New York then 
opposed it, on the ground that Vermont was part of New 
York territory. Two other States were admitted during 
Washington's administration — Kentucky, in 1792, and 
Tennessee, in 17SG. 

C. Indian War.— The Indians north of the Ohio had be- 
come very troublesome. In the year 1790 General Har- 
mar was sent against them, but was defeated w ith con- 

t„rV?"w^!'*vTfu *' T'^ ''^^^^^ ^y Congress ? Who were chosen as secre- 
tanes ? >V hat did they form ? 

3. What is said of Hamilton's labors? How did he succeed ' 

wa;)IrmLnTnoi'r"^' '''""'' "''''^^ ""^""^ ^^^ '^^"^e of the capital? Whnt 

vinMHyj'f wT'*; Tu *Ilf f'' «'i'"itted? Why was she refused admission pre- 
viously y \\ hat other States were admitted, and when ? 



avasiiington's administration — 1789-'97. 123 

siderable loss. Next year General St. Clair was surprised 
in his camp, near the Miami Kiver, and compelled to re- 
treat. General Wayne was next sent to the Indian 
country, and in the battle of the Maumee, August, 1794, 
defeated the savages with great slaughter. The Indians 
were compelled to cede, by treaty, more than 25,000 
square miles in the present State of Ohio. 

7. Washington re-elected— M. Genet. — The presidential 
election took place in the fall of 1792. Washington was 
again chosen President, and Adams Vice-president. In 
the year 1793 the French republican Government sent 
out M. Genet (zhd-tia') as ambassador to the United 
States. France was then at war with England, and 
Genet began to lit out privateers from American -ports 
to capture British ships. 

8. Genet recalled by France. — Washington was greatly 
displeased with Genet, because he was anxious that the 
country should not be involved in a war with England. 
Genet behaved very defiantly, relying on the support of 
a large party in the United States who took sides with 
France. In the end Washington demanded the French- 
man's recall by his Government, which was promptly 
complied with, in 1794. This affair produced much ex- 
citement throughout the United States. 

9. The Whisky Rebellion. — It was partly owing to the 
unsettled state of feeling produced by Genet's quarrel 
that the "Whisky Rebellion" broke out, in the year 
1794. One of Hamilton's plans of raising revenue was 
by a tax on distilled spirits. The men of Western Penn- 
sylvania refused to pay the tax, and took up arms. 
Washington sent an armed force among them, and they 
at once submitted. 



G. Where aud when did an Indian war break out ? What two generals failed ? 
What one was successful ? Give an account of this. 
T. What is said of the election of 1T92 ? What difficulty began in 1793 ? 

8. How did Washington meet this ? Was his conduct unanimously approved ? 
How did the affair end ? 

9. What took place in Pennsylvania ? How was it ended ? 



124 IIISTOIIY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

10. Treaty with England. — Serious misunderstanding 
liad arisen with England, chiefly about giving up some 
of tlie Western posts. Accordingly John Jay was sent 
to Eno-land, and concluded a treaty in 1794, which settled 
this and other points in dispute. The friends of France 
wlio had taken part with Genet, and who hated England, 
became still more bitter when the news of the treaty was 
inade public. They burned Jay in eiRgy, and in the 
newspapers severely criticised the conduct of Washing- 
ton. The treaty, however, was ratified by the United 
States Government. 

11. John Adams chosen President. — When the time for 
election of President drew near, Washington, in a fare- 
well address to the people of the United States, said that 
lie would not be a candidate. A very bitter and excit- 
ing canvass followed — John Adams being nominated by 
one party, and Thomas Jeflerson, of Virginia, by the 
other. The former received a majority of electoral votes, 
and Jefferson, receiving the next lower number of votes, 
became Vice-president. This was the method of choos- 
ing that oflicer in the early history of the Government. 

ADMINISTRATION OF JOHN ADAMS THE SECOND PRES- 
IDENT. 

1797-1801. 

12. Washington goes to Mount Vernon. — Washington 
was i)rL'SL'nt at the inauguration of President Adams, in 
Philudeli)liia, March 4, 1797. He was received on that oc- 
casion by the people with great honor. Soon after, he re- 
tired to Mount Vernon — " first in war, first in peace, 

AND FIIIST IN the HEARTS OF HIS COUNTRYMEN." 

13. Troubles with France. — The treaty between En- 
gland and the United States displeased France so much 

in. What freph trouble had been brewing ? How was it settled ? How did a 
lar-c part of the people look on this, and how did they show their feelings ? 
11. What is said of Washington's decision ? What is said of the election ? 
1-2. What IS stated about Washington's leaving the Presidency? 



Jefferson's administration — 1801-'09. 125 

tliat she ordered Mr. Pinckney, the American Mmister 
at Paris, to leave tlie country. Tlie President called a 
meeting of Congress, warlike preparations were ordered, 
and Washington was made commander-in-chief. There 
was some fighting at sea, but before hostilities \^ent far- 
ther, Napoleon Bonaparte, first consul of France, signed 
a treaty of peace, in the year 1800. 

14. Death ofWashington.— Meanwhile Washington died 
at his home in Mount Vernon, after a short illness, De- 
cember 14,1799. All parties united in paying the high- 
est honors to his memory, and he was mourned through- 
out the nation as the father of his country. In Eu- 
Yope the most sincere tributes were awarded to the no- 
bleness, the purity, and the grandeur of his character. 

15. Jefferson chosen President. — The quarrel between 
the two great political parties — the Federalists and Re- 
publicans — grew more and more bitter as the presidential 
election approached. Adams was renominated by the 
former ; Jefferson was the candidate of the latter. The 
Republicans triumphed. Thomas Jefierson, of Virginia, 
was chosen President, and Aaron Burr, of New York, 
Vice-president. 

administration of THOMAS JEFFERSON — THE THIRD 
PRESIDENT. 

1801-1809. 

16. Jefferson and the Mississippi. — The capital had been 
changed in the year 1800 to the city ofWashington, ac- 
cording to act of Congress. Jefferson was inaugurated 
here on the 4th of March, 1801. In 1802 Ohio was ad- 
mitted into the Union, as the seventeenth State. The 
greatest event of his administration, certainlj^ the one 

13. How did France look on the treaty with England ? To what did this feel- 
ing lead ? How was the difficulty settled ? 

14. What sudden event occurred about this time ? What remarks are made ? 

15. What two political parties divided the country? To which of these did 
Adams belong ? Jeflersou ? What is said of the election ? 



1 •_>(', HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

tliat lie liiinself was most proud of, was the purcliase of 
tlic territory of Louisiana from France. His far-seeing 
mind led him to perceive that whatever power held the 
mouth of the river must control the trade of the entire 
.Mississippi Valley. He therefore tried to persuade Bo- 
nai)arte to sell Xew Orleans to the United States. This 
place, along with Louisiana, had been receded to France 
by Spain. 

1 7. Louisiana purchased. — To Jefferson's great delight, 
Bonaparte, who needed money, offered to sell not only 
Xew Orleans, but the whole of Louisiana. The offer was 
accepted, and more than 1,000,000 square miles of terri- 
tory became the property of the United States, in 1803, 
for 815,000,000. Congress divided it into two territories : 
one, covering what is now the State of Louisiana, was 
named the Territory of New Orleans ; the other, embra- 
cing the remainder, was called the District of Louisiana. 

18. War with the Barbary Powers. — In 1803 Commo- 
dore Preble was sent to the Mediterranean to punish the 
Barbary pirates for their long-continued ill-treatment of 
American vessels in that sea. One of his ships, the frig- 
ate Philadelphia, stranded in the harbor of Tripoli, and 
her crew wei'c made slaves by the Tripolitans. 

10. Decatur's brilliant Exploit— The pirates did not 
long keep their prize. Li February, 1804, Lieutenant 
Decatur, in a small schooner, with a picked crew, ran 
alongside of the Philadelphia, in the harbor of Tripoli, 
kilK'd or drove into the sea the Tripolitan crew, and set 
lire to the vcssi'l. He escaped without the loss of a man. 

-Ml. Eaton's romantic Expedition. — Hamet, the elder 
brother of the Bey of Tripoli, had been driven from the 
throne. Eaton, the American consul at Tunis, arrano-ed 



10. To what place, and when, was the capital changed ? What was the great- 
est event of his administration ? What is said of this ? 

17. Wiiat fortunate offer was made? How was it received? What did Con- 
gre.Ms do with the territory ? 

IS. What war Hi)ran- up in 18(»3 ? What happened to one of the ships ? 

rx W hat brilliant exploit revenged this ? Describe it. 



Jefferson's administration — 1801 -'09. 127 

Avith him an expedition to capture Tripoli. On their 
way they captured Derne, a Tripolitan city, and were 
advancing on Tripoli itself, when they were stopped by 
the news that the Bey had already made peace with the 
American Minister, Mr. Lear, in 1805. 

21. Death of Hamilton in a Duel. — In July, 1804, Alex- 
ander Hamilton, Washington's Secretary of State, was 
shot in a duel by Aaron Burr, the Vice-president. The 
duel grew out of a political quarrel, and created intense 
excitement throughout the country. It ruined Burr in 
the good opinion of the people, who thought that he 
forced the quarrel to kill Hamilton. Finding his political 
character gone, he became mixed up in a treasonable at- 
tempt to found an empire south-west of the Alleghanies. 
For this he was arrested and tried, but was acquitted for 
want of evidence. He never afterward appeared in pub- 
lic life. 

22. Injury to American Commerce.— Fi-ance and England 
were still at war. The latter, who claimed to be " mis- 
tress of the seas," in the year 1806, declared the French 
coast in a state of blockade. Napoleon, in retaliation, 
declared the British Island blockaded. This was a seri- 
ous blow to American commerce, for her shipping was 
busy carrying goods to both countries. 

23. English Oppression— The Right of Search.— A most 
serious grievance was "the right of search" which En- 
gland exercised. It was an insult to American national 
honor. Her ships of war stopped our merchant vessels, 
and picked out from their crews whatever seamen they 
wanted, under the claim that the men were deserters 
from the English service. Even American vessels of war 
were stopped on the high seas, and searched under this 

20. Who was Hamet ? Who took up his cause ? What romantic expedition 
was arranged ? How did it succeed ? How was the war ended, and when ? 

21. What happened in July, 1S04 ? What occasioned the duel ? What did the 
people generally believe ? What became of Burr ? 

22. What was the state of affairs between England and France ? What meas- 
ures did they adopt ? How did this affect the United States ? 



128 IIISTOKY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

I .Ica. ( >n the 22d of June, 1 807, the British ship Leopard 
iired into the frigate Cliesapeake because she had refused 
to give up four seamen claimed as British deserters ; yet 
three of these men were American citizens. 

24. Ruin of American Commerce.— An additional griev- 
ance came in the shape of " Orders in Council," which 
forbade any nation to trade with France and her allies. 
Tills was followed by a decree from Bonaparte forbid- 
ding all trade with England and her colonies. These 
measures gave another severe blow to the foreign com- 
merce of the United States. If her vessels escaped the 
cruisers of one nation, they were almost certain to be cap- 
tured by those of the other. 

25. Congress retaliates. — Congress determined to re- 
taliate, and in December, 1807, passed an embargo pro- 
hibiting all American vessels from leaving the United 
States, thus stopping all trade with France and England. 
This measure proved so ruinous to American merchants, 
that they petitioned for its removal, and it was repealed 
in the fall of 1808. Jefferson declined a re-election, 
and James Madison, of Virginia, was elected President. 
George Clinton, of New York, was chosen Vice-president. 

ADMINISTRATION OF JAMES MADISON — THE FIFTH PRES- 
IDENT. 

1809-1817. 

2G. English Arrogance rebuked. — In 1810 the French 
abolished the decrees which had proved so hurtful to 
the United States, but the English continued to enforce 
theirs with even mcreased energy. One of their war 
vessels, the Little Belt, while cruising off the American 



'23. What Kerious insult to American honor is mentioned? What was the 
rif,'ht of search ? To what extent did they go ? Mention an instance. 

24. What further injuries came to American commerce ? Why did these meas- 
ures work so much injury ? 

•jr.. What did Congress do about all this? How did this measure operate? 
« ho was chosen President ? 



WAR WITH ENGLAND 1812. 



129 



coast, was hailed by the frigate President. She haughtily 
answered by a shot that struck the mainmast of the frig- 
ate. The President returned the fire so spiritedly that 
in twenty minutes the Little Belt had thirty-two of her 
crew killed or wounded. 

27. Indian War — Battle of Tippecanoe. — The Indians, 
in the mean time, were troublesome on the north-west 
frontier, and it was thought that the British were encour- 
aging them. Tecumtha, a very brave and wily Shawnee 
chief, led the various tribes. General Harrison, governor 
of Indiana Territory, at the head of a large force, marched 
against them, and defeated them at the Indian town of 
Tippecanoe. This battle broke up the confederacy that 
liad been planned by Tecumtha, and put a sudden end to 
the danger of an Indian war. 




utLviSIUN HE.CHTS ^ 



1812. 
28. War proclaimed with England. —For a series of 
years England had oppressed American commerce. She 
had, besides, haughtily seized American seamen from 
the decks of American vessels, claiming them as desert- 
ers from her flag. It was no longer to be borne, and on 

20. How did the French and English governments behave ? Hov7 was British 
arrogance rebuked on the ocean ? 

27. Where did Indian hostilities break out ? Who was Tecumtha ? How was 
the war ended ? 

F 2 



130 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 




MAP OF THE UMTICI) STATES IN 1S12. 



WAR WITH ENGLAND — 1812. 



131 



the 19th of June, 1812, President Madison published a 
proclamation of war against England. 

29. Invasion of Canada. — Hostilities began with the 
invasion of Canada by Governor Hull, of Michigan Ter- 
ritory. On the 12th of July he crossed the river from 
the fort at Detroit, to attack the British post at Maiden. 
While he was idling away precious time in camp at 
Sandwich, a small British force appeared at Fort Mack- 
inaw, July 17, and captured it without resistance. 




30. Surrender of Detroit. — Hull's delay allowed the 
British and Indians under Brock and the chief Tecum- 
tha to collect in force, and he returned rapidly to De- 
ti-oit, followed by the British. On the first demand to 
surrender, Hull hung out a white flag, and Detroit, with 
its garrison, and the whole of Michigan Territory, fell 
into General Brock's hands, August 16. Hull was cash- 
iered for his disgraceful and cowardly conduct, and but 
for his services in the Revolutionary War he would have 
been shot. 

31. The Battle of Queenston Heights. — A body of New 
York militia encamped at Lewiston, on the Niagara, 
crossed the river on the 13th of October, and attacked 

28. When was war proclaimed ? State what led to this. 

29. How did hostilities begin ? Describe Hull's first movements. What place 
was captxared? This is on the straits between Lake Huron and Superior. 

30. What was the effect of Hull's conduct? What disgrace followed? How 
did the Government punish Hull? 



132 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

the British batteries on Queenston Heights. At first they 
were siiccessfuh General Brock was killed, and the en- 
emy were driven back ; but the British were afterward 
re-enforced, and nearly all the Americans were either kill- 
ed, w^ounded, or taken prisoners. The day was lost, be- 
cause their comrades at Lewiston would not cross over 
in sufficient numbers to their help. Colonel, afterward 
General, Scott first distinguished himself in this battle. 

32. Naval Operations. — The misfortunes of the army 
during the year 1812 produced great mortification among 
those who favored the war. At sea the American navy 
redeemed the honor of our arms. In July, the Essex, 
Captain Porter, captured the Alert. In August, the 
GuERRiERE, British frigate, was captured by the frigate 
Constitution, Cnptain Isaac Hull, after a fierce fight. In 
October, the Wasp, Captain Jones, captured the Frolic. 
In the same month, the United States, Commodore De- 
catur, captured the Macedonian^. In December, the Con- 
stitution, Commodore Bainbridge, captured the Java. 

3:3. American Rejoicings. — These victories over the " mis- 
tress of the seas," as England was styled, created great 
rejoicing among the American people, particularly the 
eapture of the Guerriere by the Constitution. This was 
the first victory gained over an English frigate by anoth- 
er frigate in fifty years. The American privateers, also, 
were very active, and captured during the year 300 Brit- 
isli merchant-vessels, many of wiiich had valuable cargoes. 

3 4. Popular Feeling about the War.— A large part of 
the ])eople were opposed to the war. It was very unpop- 
ular in the Eastern States, but throughout the country a 
sufficient majority were in favor of it to re-elect Madison 
president for a second term, in the fall of 1812. 



31. What movement was made on the New York frontier in October? De- 
pcribe the battle. Why did it result so unfortunately ? 

32. Wliut is said of Uie events on land and at sea? Name the victories at sea. 

33. How did the Americans regard these successes, and why? In what way 
was British commerce harassed? 

34. Uow was the war regarded? Which party had the majority ? How shown ? 



WAR WITH ENGLAND 1813. 133 

1813. 

35. Extensive Operations. — The operations on land were 
commenced this year on a much larger scale. Three ar- 
mies were formed. General Harrison commanded the 
Army op the West, near the head of Lake Erie ; Gen- 
eral Dearborn the Army of the Centre, on the Niag- 
ara frontier; General Hampton the Army of the North, 
near Lake Champlain. 

8G. The Army of the West. — The work assigned to 
Harrison was the recovery of Michigan Territory. Gen- 
eral Winchester, with a part of the Army of the West, 
moved to Frenchtown, on the River Raisin, and attacked 
and dispersed a small British force. While lying care- 
lessly encamped, he was attacked by 1500 British and 
Lidians, nnder General Proctor, and, after a bloody fight, 
was forced to surrender, January 22. 

37. Harrison at Fort Meigs. — Harrison, hearing of this 
disaster, fortified himself at the rapids of the Maumee, 
and called the works Fort Meigs {megs). Proctor laid 
siege to the fort May l,but General Clay, Avith 1200 Ken- 
tuckians, came to the relief of Harrison, and Proctor, af- 
ter a sharp engagement, abandoned the siege. Proctor 
next attacked Fort Stevenson, at Lower Sandusky, com- 
manded by Colonel Croghan {erog-an)^ a young man of 
twenty-one years of age, but was beaten back, August 2, 
with severe loss. The same night he returned to Maiden. 

38. Perry's Victory.— The theatre of war now changed 
to Lake Erie. There were two small fleets on its waters : 
one, the British, commanded by Commodore Barclay, the 
other, American, by Commodore Perry. On the 10th of 
September a severe battle of three hours was fought at 

35. What preparations were made in 1S13 ? Give the armies, their positions, 
and the generals commanding. 

36. What was Harrison to attempt? With what unfortunate event did the 
campaign begin ? 

3T. What did this compel Harrison to do ? Wliat occurred there ? What took 
place at Lower Sandusky ? Give the dates. 



134 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

tlie western end of the lake, and Perry came off victori- 
ous. He immediately wrote to General Harrison, in these 
words: "We have met the enemy, and they are ours." 

30. Battle of the Thames. — Perry's vessels conveyed 
Harrison's army across the lake to Canada. Proctor at 
once abandoned Maiden, and retreated, with Tecumtha, 
northward. Harrison pursued, and came up with them, 
October 5, at the River Thames. After a short but se- 
vere battle, Tecumtha was killed, and Proctor defeated, 
and was only saved from capture by the fleetness of his 
horse. The battle of the Thames recovered Michigan 
Territory, which was lost by the base surrender of Hull, 
and tiie north-western frontier was relieved from the fear 
of invasion. 

40. Capture of Toronto. — In April, General Dearborn, 
with 1700 men, crossed Lake Ontario to attack York, now 
Toronto, the capital of Upper Canada. In the assault, 
General Pike, who led the advance, was killed, with near- 
ly two hundred of his men, by the explosion of a maga- 
zine. The place, however, w^ith a large amount of stores, 
was captured by the Americans. 

41. Americans take Fort George. — Leaving York, the 
troops sailed to attack Fort George, on the Niagara. 
The British, on their approach, blew up their magazines, 
abandoned the fort, and retreated to the head of the lake. 
The Americans followed, but Avere attacked at midnight, 
June G, and fell back to Fort George. 

42. Sackett's Harbor-Fort George.— In the absence of 
Deai-born at Fort George, the British, under Prevost, 
attacked Sackett's Harbor, but were so vigorously re- 
ceived by the militia that they left precij)itately. They 
were more fortunate at Fort George, where they surprised 
a detachment of 600 men belonging to the garrison. Gen- 

38. T<> what place dul the contest change ? ^y ? What occurred here ? 

Tl' Z\?^ ''"^ ^^'^' ''''"''' ^^""'^^ ^^""^ ^'^ Harrison follow? What oc- 
ciirrod ? A\ hat was the great result of the battle ' 

4(1. What place was attacked in April, and by whom? With what result? 
41. To what point did they next go ? What occurred there ? 



WAR WITH ENGLAND 1813. 



135 



eral Dearborn was recalled, for his want of success, and 
General Wilkinson was appointed to succeed him. 

43. Expedition against Montreal. — Wilkinson moved 
against Montreal, and Hampton, with a part of the Army 
of the North, was ordered to join him on the St. Law- 
rence. On the 1 1th of November the Army of the Centre 
fought the undecisive battle of Chrysler's Farm. Wilkin- 
son then moved to St. Regis, where he waited for Hamp- 
ton. That q;eneral 




failed to unite with 
him, and the expedi- 
tion was abandoned. 
44. Creek Indian 
War. — Tecumtha, in 
tlie spring of 1813, 
visited the Indians in 
the south-west, and 
stirred them to war. 
In August the Creeks 
attacked and took 
Fort Minis, on the Al- 
abama River, slaugh- 
tering nearly 400 set- 
tlers who had gone 
thither for protection. 
Generals Jackson and 
Coffee were sent against the Indians, and, after some mi- 
nor engagements, defeated 1000 of them at Tohopeka, on 
the Horseshoe Bend of the Tallapoosa River. Over 600 
warriors were slain, and 250 women and children were 
captured. This ended the Creek War, March 27, 1814. 

45. Naval Events. — The naval engagements at sea be- 
gan with the capture of the British brig Peacock by the 

42. Give the British movements elsewhere. Who succeeded General Dearborn, 
and why ? 

43. What was Wilkinson's first movement, and what was the plan ? What oc- 
curred on the river? What ended the expedition ? 

44. Who was Tecumtha ? See 1812. What were his movements and success ? 
Wlio were sent against the Indians ? How did they succeed ? 






SEAT 0¥ TUE OIlEEii VV All. 



130 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES, 

Hornet, Captain Lawrence, at the mouth of the Demera- 
ra Kivor, Soiitli America, February 25. The action lasted 
lifteen minutes, and the Peacock sank shortly afterward. 

40. The Shannon and the Chesapeake. — Captain Law- 
rence was promoted to the command of the Chesapeake, 
i-etitting in Boston Harbor. The British ship Shannon, 
in admirable condition, was cruising outside with a 
iinely-trained crew ; and the captain sent a challenge to 
Lawrence to fight the Chesapeake. Lawrence was ill 
prepared to fight, for his crew w^as new ; but he sailed out 
promptly, and met the Shannon on the 1st of June. The 
battle was terrible, and was over in fifteen minutes. 
Lawrence was carried below mortally wounded, crying, 
" Don't give up the ship," and 146 of his crew^ were either 
killed or wounded when the Chesapeake surrendered. 

47. Other Naval Battles. — In August, the American ves- 
sel Argus was captured by the Pelican while cruising 
in the British Channel. In September, the Enterprise, 
Captain Burrows, captured the British brig Boxer off the 
coast of Maine. Both captains were killed in this action. 

1814-'15. 

48. Successes at Fort Erie and Chippewa. — In the be- 
ginning of May, General I>rown, with 2000 Americans, 
moved from Sackett's Harbor to the Niagara River. 
Shortly after he arrived, his force was increased to 5000 
men. He then crossed the river, and Fort Erie surren- 
dered to him without bloodshed, July 3. The Americans 
then pushed forward and attacked the British at Chip- 
]>ewa, fifteen miles north, near the river- bank, July 5, 
where the enemy were defeated, with the loss of 500 men. 

49. Battle of Lundy's Lane. — On the 25th, the British 
being re-enforced and led by General Drummond, ad- 

45. What was the first naval event ? 

40. What led to the battle between the Shannon and the Chesapeake? What 
was the condition of the two vessels and their crews ? Describe the en<?ageraent. 

47. Mention the other naval battles. Where is the Demerara River? 

4=*. How did the Americans obtain possession of Fort Erie ? Where was this ? 
To what battle did this lead? 



WAR WITH ENGLAND 1814-'l5. 



137 



vanced against the Americans, and the severe battle of 
Lnndy's Lane was fought. This was probably the most 
stubbornly-contested battle of the war, and ended with- 
out any decisive result. The American generals, Brown 
and Scott, were both severely wounded, and General Rip- 
ley next day fell back with the army to Fort Erie, where 
General Gaines took the command. 

50. British besiege Fort Erie. — General Drummond laid 
siege to Fort Erie on the 4th of August. On the 15th, he 
made a midnight assault, and was repulsed, with the loss 
of 1000 men. On the 17th, Gen. Brown, who had recov- 
ered from his wounds, made a sortie from the fort, and cap- 
tured 400 British ; after which Drummond raised the siege, 
and fell back across Chippewa Creek. In November Brown 
blew up Fort Erie, and crossed the Niagara into New York. 

51. Events at Plattshurg. — General Macomb was in 

command of 2000 men at 
Plattsbu rg, on Lake Cham- 
plain. In September, Gen- 
eral Prevost, at the head 
of 14,000 British veter- 
ans, advanced against Ma- 
comb, who fell behind the 
River Saranac. On the 
11th, a combined attack 
was made by the British. 
Commodore Downie bore 
down on the American 

fleet, under Commodore MacDonough, in Plattsburg Bay. 

Prevost at the same time attempted to cross the Saranac. 

52. The two Battles at Plattsburg. — After a two hours' 
ficfht, the British commodore surrendered to MacDon- 
ough. On land. General Prevost was repulsed at every 

49. What battle followed that of Chippewa ? Describe it. 

50. How did Drnmmoud press the Americans? The assault. Describe the 
sortie of the garrison. What further is said of Drummond and Brown ? 

51. Who was at Plattsburg? What movement was made against him? De- 
scribe the plan of attack. 




138 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



|>01 



lit, and during: tlie night retreated, leaving his sick 




VICINITY OF WASUINGTON, 1S14. 



and wounded beliind him, and 
a large part of his military 
stores. His whole loss was 
about 2500 men. 

53. Burning ofWashington. 
— In the month of August, 
4500 British troops, under 
General Ross, landed at Ben- 
edict, on Chesaj^eake Bay, 
and marched to attack Wash- 
ington, some fifty miles dis- 
tant. The British were en- 
tirely unexpected, and only 
a few marines and militia, under Commodore Barney, at- 
tempted to stop them at Bla- 
densburg, six miles from the 
capital, August 24. The ma- 
rines were quickly dispersed, 
and Barney was wounded 
and made prisoner. The 
l^ritish immediately entered 
AVashington, and burned the 
Capitol, President's House, 
and other buildings. 

54. Attack on Baltimore. — 
Ross then retreated to his 
ships, and tlie British troops ^^c^n"^ <^f baltimokk, isi4. 
were taken to Xorth Point, fourteen miles from Baltimore. 
From this point the troops were to move by land to at- 
tack tliat city, while the fleet bombarded Fort M'Henry. 
Hoss was killed in a skirmish shortly after he began the 
march, March 12, and his troops advanced next day to 
the city. On tlie 13t]i the fleet bombarded the fortwith- 




52. Describe the battle on land. On the lake. What was the result ? 
R3. To what place did the war change ? What preparations were made there ? 
\\ here was a stand made ? What occurred at Wa?hin<'ton ? 



WAR WITH ENGLAND 18 14-' 15. 139 

out effect, and during the night the troops got on board 
the fleet and sailed away from the Chesapeake. Thus 
ended the attack on Baltimore. 

55. British in Mobile Bay and Florida. — Florida was 
at this time still in possession of Spain, and w^as con- 
sidered neutral territory. The Spaniards permitted the 
British to fit out an expedition at Pensacola against Fort 
Bowyer, in Mobile Bay. On September 15, the attack 
on the fort was repulsed, with severe loss on the part of 
the British, who returned in haste to Pensacola. Gener- 
al Jackson, the hero of the Creek War, w^as in command 
at the South. Marching rapidly from Mobile, he drove 
the British from Pensacola, November 7. 

56. British move against New Orleans. — Shortly after 
this he hastened to the defense of New Orleans, which 
was threatened by the British. In December, a British 
fleet entered Lake Borgne (born), and its barges captured 
a small American flotilla that disputed its way. The 
army, composing 12,000 soldiers under General Paken- 
ham and 4000 marines, was landed nine miles below the 
city. The advance-guard was attacked by Jackson on 
December 23, and a sharp fight took place. 

57. Battle of New Orleans. — Four miles below the city, 
Jackson w^as encamped behind a broad trench stretching 
from the Mississippi, on his right, to a swamp on his left. 
On the 8th of January, 1815, the British moved to the 
assault, but were met by so steady and well-directed a 
fire from behind the intrenchments, that they were com- 
pelled to fall back in confusion, after showing w^onderful 
bravery. Pakenham was killed, and 2000 of his men 
were killed or w^ounded. Strange to say, the loss of the 
Americans was only 1 killed and 6 wounded. 

54. What was the next point of attack ? What was the plan ? What occurred 
ou the march ? How did the fleet succeed ? What was the end of it all ? 

55. Where were the British active in the South? Why were they here? 
Where were they repulsed ? Who drove them from Florida ? 

56. Against what place did the British move ? Describe their movements, and 
what happened on their route. What is said of Jackson's attack ? 

57. Describe Jackson's position. Give a sketch of the battle of New Orleans. 



140 UISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

58. Naval Events. — The Americans were less fortunate 
at sea cluring- the years 1814-'15 than before. The Es- 
sex, Captain Porter, was caj^tured by two British vessels 
in the harbor of Valparaiso, March, 1814. In January, 
the President, Commodore Decatur, was captured by a 
British squadron near the southern shore of Long Island. 
In February, 1815, the Constitution, Captain Stewart, 
captured two British sloops of war off Lisbon, Portugal ; 
and ni March the British brig Penguin surrendered to 
the Hornet, Captain Biddle, of equal force, near the Cape 
of Good Hope. 

59. The Hartford Convention. — It has been already said 
that a large party in New England was opposed to the 
war. In the month of December, 1814, a convention, 
composed of 26 delegates from Massachusetts, Rhode Isl- 
and, and New Hampshire, assembled at Hartford to dis- 
cuss the grievances they had suffered from the war. 
The friends of the war declared the " Hartford Conven- 
tion " treasonable ; but there is no evidence that this 
charge was true. The Convention confined itself to a 
simple statement of grievances, and recommended some 
changes in tlie Constitution ; it then, after a three weeks' 
session, adjourned. But it ruined the Federalist party in 
the estimation of the people. 

GO. Treaty of Peace. — The whole nation, without dis- 
tinction of party, was rejoiced when the news arrived, 
in February, 1815, that a treaty of peace had been con- 
cluded at Ghent, December 24, 1814. Not a word was 
said in the treaty about oppressions on American com- 
merce, nor about the right of search — the two causes of 
the war. When the war between France and England 
ended, tbere was no longer any necessity for continuing 
these oppressive measures. 



5^. What was the Piiccess at sea? Mention each naval event. 

SO. How did New En-rland show her opposition to the war? How did the 
friends of the war re-ard this? What did the Convention do? How did it af- 
icrt the Federalists as a party ? 

CO. When and where was the treaty of peace made ? What is said of it? 



WAR WITH ALGIERS 1815. 141 

61. War with Algiers. — At the beginning of the war 
with England, the Dey of Algiers declared war against 
the United States, under pretense that his presents were 
not what he had demanded. In May, 1815, Commodore 
Decatur was sent with a fleet to the Mediterranean, and 
on board his ship compelled the Dey to sign a humiliating 
treaty of peace. Tunis and Tripoli were also effectually 
humbled by him. The States admitted during this admin- 
istration were — Louisiana, in 1812, and Indiana, in 1816. 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

1. What was the first capital, and how long ? The second ? The third ? 

2. Name the first four Presidents, give length of administrations, and dates. 

3. Name and sketch some leading events of Washington's administration. 

4. Who formed Washington's first cabinet ? 

5. What is said of Hamilton's measures ? 

6. Give the particulars regarding his death. 

7. Name two important events in Adams's administration. 

8. Mention the most important event of Jefferson's administration. 

9. State why this was so important, and give particulars. 

10. What foreign war occurred, and who were the chief actors in it? 

11. What events took place, and how was it brought to a close ? 

12. What can you say of the difficulties with England? 

13. How did Congress retaliate, and with what result? 

14. What Indian war broke out in 1811 ? Give the cause and result. 

15. What great event marks Madison's administration ? 

16. State clearly the causes of this. 

17. With what movements did the war begin? 

18. Where was the seat of war in 1S12 ? 

19. Describe the leading events of that year. 

20. What was the general result of the year to the Americans ? 

21. Where was the seat of war in 1813? 

22. What is said of the Indian war ? 

23. From whom did the Euglish obtain active military assistance in 1812, 1813? 

24. Give some of the leading events of 1813. 

25. Where was the war carried on during lS14r-'15 ? 

26. Name the principal events at these points, 

27. Describe the last battle of the war. 

28. Mention two or three of the most brilliant naval events during the war. 

29. Name the leading American generals. Who was the most celebrated? Why? 

30. What foreign power gave assistance to the British in the South ? 

31. State what active measures were taken in reference to this. 

32. What is said of the treaty of peace, and what it did not settle? 

33. What war followed? What was the cause and result? 

34. Where was the war unpopular, and how was opposition shown to it? 

35. State what is said of the Hartford Convention, and its results. 

36. Name the States admitted up to the year 1S17. 

61. What expedition was dispatched in 1815? Why? What was its success? 
What States were admitted during Madison's administration, and when ? 



142 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 




PART II.— FROM 1817 TO 1841. 



ADMINISTRATION OF JAMES MONROE- 
IDENT. 



-THE FIFTH PRES- 



1817-1825. 

1. The New President. — James Monroe, of Virginia, 
elected in tlie fall of 1816, was now President, and Dan- 
iel D. Tompkins,.of New York, Vice-president. Mr. Mon- 
roe was personally very popular, and began his admin- 
istration under the most favorable circumstances. The 
country was fast recovering from the ruin that had fallen 
on its commerce and manufactures during the war. There 
was now only one party, the Democratic. 

2. Jackson's Disregard of Spain. — Toward the end of 
the year 1817, the Seminole Indians, instigated by the 
Spanish in Florida, attacked the settlers in Georgia. 
General Jackson, after subduing the Indians, marched to 
Florida, and took Fort St. Marks. While in this- neigh- 

1. Mention tho circumstances under which President Monroe began his ad- 
nunislratioM. 



Monroe's administration — 18l7-'25. 143 

borhood, he hung two British subjects, on the charge of 
inciting the Indians to war. He then marched to Pensa- 
cola, which he occupied May, 1818. 

3. Florida ceded to the United States. — Jackson was 
greatly blamed for his violation of Spanish territory, but 
was sustained by the Government. Spain was indignant 
at the conduct of the United States, and a long, unfriend- 
ly correspondence followed. Finally, in the year 1819, 
Spain agreed to cede Florida to the United States for the 
sum of $5,000,000. The territory, however, was not form- 
ally given up until the year 1821. 

4. The Missouri Compromise. — In 1820 Missouri applied 
for admission to the Union. This led to a bitter contest 
in Congress. The North favored her admission as a Free 
State; the South, as a Slave State. At length, in 1820, 
the famous "Missouri Compromise" was agreed on. By 
this she was admitted as a Slave State, but thenceforth 
slavery was prohibited in all other territory north of 
36° 30' west of the Mississippi. This compromise was 
faithfully kept for more than thirty years. 

5. The Monroe Doctrine.— In the fall of 1820 Madison 
was re-elected President for four years. In the year 1822 
the South American republics were struggling with Spain 
for independence. Monroe, in a message, advised that 
the independence of these republics should be recognized 
by the United States; and, in addition, declared that 
"the American continents are not to be considered as 
subjects for future colonization by any European pow- 
ers," or, in other words, that America must be republic- 
an. This is known as the "Monroe doctrine." 

6. Lafayette's Visit. — The famous Frenchman, the friend 
of America, General Lafayette, now an old man, came to 

2. What broke out in 181T ? Who was sent there, and what of his conduct ? 

3. How was his conduct regarded ? What did this lead to ? 

4. What is said of Missouri ? Of the contest ? How was it settled ? State its 
provisions. 

5. What is said of the election of 1820 ? What is the Monroe doctrine ? What 
led to the announcement of this ? 



144 IIISTOKY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

America on a visit in 1824. From the moment he land- 
ed lie became the guest of the nation, and wherever ho 
went lie was reg-ardcd with the most profound respect. 

T. Election for President. — Monroe declined a re-elec- 
tion, and a very exciting canvass followed, chiefly because 
party lines were very much confused. There were four 
candidates put in nomination— John Adams, the son of 
the second President, General Jackson, W. H. Crawford, 
and Henry Clay. There was no choice by the people, 
and the election went to the House of Representatives in 
Congress. Here Adams was chosen President, in 1824. 

ADMINISTRATION OF JOHN QUINCY ADAMS— THE SIXTH 
PRESIDENT. 

1825-1829. 

8. John Quincy Adams, son of the second President, 
was inaugurated March 4, 1825. His administration had 
few events of great importance. The year 1826 was re- 
markable for the death of the Presidents, John Adams 
and Thomas Jefferson. They died on the 4th of July, 
within a few hours of each other. 

9. The Tariff Act of 1828.— The country had increased 
steadily in prosperity since the war. Manufactures had 
spread extensively throughout the Eastern and some of 
the Middle States. But the goods from Europe, particu- 
larly from England, interfered with these American man- 
ufactures. To enable the latter to compete favorably 
with Europe, a tariff with high protective duties was 
passed by Congress in 1828. 

10. The American System— Protection.— The great advo- 
cate and author of protection to American manufactures 
was Henry Clay, of Kentucky, and it received the name 
of "The American System." It was adopted only after 

C. State what is said of Lafayette. 

7. fJivc the particulars of the election for President in 1824. 
H. Whose son was the new President ? What occurred in 1826? 
;». What act was passed in 1^28 ? What led to its passage ? 



Jackson's administration — 1829-'37. 145 

many fierce debates, and became a fruitful source of dis- 
2)ute during- succeeding administrations. 

11. Jackson elected President. — The election for Presi- 
dent during the fall of 1828 ended in the choice of Gen- 
eral Andrew Jackson, of Tennessee, the hero of 'New Or- 
leans. His election was considered a triumph of the Dem- 
ocrats over the Whigs and the protective system. 

ADMINISTRATION OF ANDREW JACKSON THE SEVENTH 

PRESIDENT. 

1829-1837. 

12. Jackson and the United States Bank. — President 
Jackson began his administration by an attack on the 
United States Bank, which had applied to Congress for 
a renewal of its charter. In spite of the President's op- 
position, Congress passed a bill renewing the charter. 
Jackson vetoed this, and the friends of the bank not hav- 
ing votes to pass the bill over his veto, the charter ex- 
pired in 183G. Thus Jackson finally gained the day. 

13. South Carolina resists. — His next and still more se- 
rious contest was with the " Nullifiers" of South Carolina. 
Congress, in the year 1832, added new duties to the tar- 
iff. Immediately the people of South Carolina met in 
Convention, and declared the tariff acts unconstitutional, 
and therefore " null and void." They, moreover, threat- 
ened to resist the collection of duties at Charleston by 
force of arms, and to secede from the Union. 

14. The Quarrel settled. — Jackson proceeded promptly 
to put down the Carolina Nullifiers by force. Before any 
collision took place, a compromise was efi*ected in Con- 
gress through the influence of Henry Clay. It was agreed 
that the tariff duties should be gradually reduced ; and 

10. Who was the author of this system ? What was the effect of its passage? 

11. Who was chosen President, and when? How was his election regarded? 

12. With what did he begin his term ? How far did the banli succeed ? 

13. What was his next contest? What led to this? What did the Carolinians 
do ? Why were they called " Nullifiers ?" 

G 



146 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



tluis tlie feelings of the Carolinians were for the time 
quieted. 

15. Black Hawk War.— While this was going on, the 
Indians in the north-west, in what is now Wisconsin, 
led by the chief Black Hawk, attacked the whites. Then 
followed a struggle of six months, called the "Black 
Hawk War," in which the chief was taken prisoner. At 
its close, tlie Indians removed beyond the Mississippi. 

IG. Jackson and the French.— In the fall of 1832 Jack- 
son was re-elected President, and Martin Van Buren was 
chosen Vice-president. In 1834 he made a demand on 
France for $5,000,000, which that Government had agreed 
to pay the United States for injuries done to American 
commerce. For some years the installments of this mon- 
ey were not paid as agreed. Jackson ordered the Ameri- 
can minister to leave Paris, and 
urojed Consjress to seize French 
vessels. The French Govern- 
ment was alarmed at these move- 
ments, and paid the money. 

17. War with the Seminoles 
broke out in Florida in 1835. 
They had agreed by treaty to re- 
move west of the Mississippi, but 
refused to go when the time ar 
rived. On the 28th of December, 
Major Dade, Avhile on his march with 117 men, was mas- 
sacred by the Seminoles, and only four of the party es- 
caped. On the same day, many miles away from the 
scene. General Thomson and some friends, while dining 
quietly outside of Fort King, were surprised and killed. 



rr.MicAivopvtt' 

F^.DRANE 




18. A protracted War. 



There was severe fighting on 



14. How did Jackson act ? What quieted matters ? 

15. What war broke out ? Give the particulars, and the result. 

16. Wlio was chosen President, and when? What is said of the French pay- 
ment ? now did Jackson act, and what was the effect ? 

17. What war now broke out, and when? Its origin. Show the sudden 
mrm-nicnts of the Seminoles. Where did these take place ? 



-1837-41. 147 

December 31, and during the year 1836, but nothing was 
gained by the whites. The Seminoles, as fast as they 
were driven by the troops to the more open ground, re- 
tired farther into the swamps and everglades. Some- 
times the sokliers woukl find them here, but the fighting 
that immediately followed produced very trifling results. 
It proved to be a long and terribly expensive contest. 

19. Presidential Election. — Jackson's second term was 
drawing to a close, and the election for President took 
place November, 1836. Martin Van Buren, the Demo- 
cratic candidate, was chosen President, and Richard M. 
Johnson, of Kentucky, Vice-president. 

ADMINISTRATION OF MARTIN VAN BUREN" — THE EIGHTH 
PRESIDENT. 

1837-1841. 

20. The Panic of 1837. — The beginning of Van Curen's 
administration was marked by a period of great commer- 
cial distress throughout the countrj^ Merchants every- 
where failed, and thousands in all walks of life were 
thrown out of employment. The cause of this was spec- 
ulation and overtrading. Congress met in extra session 
in September to devise some remedy for the distress, but 
it could do little. Time proved the only remedy. 

21. Rebellion in Canada. — In 1837, a rebellion broke out 
in Canada, on the Niagara frontier, against England, and 
the rebels had many active sympathizers on the Ameri- 
can side of the river. The President issued a proclama- 
tion forbidding all expeditions from the United States, 
and sent troops to enforce it. In a short time the British 
Government put down the rebellion. 

22. The Sub-treasury Bill was the great measure of this 

18. What is said of the progress of the war ? Why was it so slow ? 

19. Who succeeded Jackson ? What pai'ty triumphed ? 

20. With what event did Van Baren's term begin ? Give an account of this. 
What was done to help the country, and with what success ? 

21. When and where did rebellion occur ? How did the President act ? 



148 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

adiniiiistration. It was Van Buren's remedy for specula- 
tion and overtrading, by removing the public funds from 
the bank vaults to offices throughout the country, called 
sub-treasuries. The bill passed Congress in 1840. 

23. Presidential Election. — The President was blamed 
for tlie distress that the country had suffered during his 
administration. Mainly in consequence of this, he lost 
his re-election in the fall of 1840, and General William 
Henry Harrison, of Ohio, the hero of Tippecanoe, and the 
candidate of the Whigs, was chosen President. John 
Tyler, of Virginia, was chosen Vice-president. 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

1. How long was Monroe President, and when ? 

2. Give the leading events of his administration, and dates. 
ii. What was the only warlike trouble during his Presidency? 

4. What illustrious man was connected with this? 

5. State what is said of his movements. 

6. To what acquisition of territory did all this lead ? 

7. Describe the Missouri Compromise, and what led to it. 

8. What is understood by the Monroe doctrine ? 

V. From what cause did the announcement of this arise ? 

10. Who were elected President and Vice-president in 1824? 

11. What peculiarity was there about this election? 

12. Name the chief events of Adams's administration. 

13. What was the result of the Presidential election in 1828? 

14. State the principal events in Jackson's military career. 

15. What were the leading events of his administration? 
10. When, how long, and what was the Black Hawk War? 
17. Give an account of Jackson's difficulties with France. 
IS. What is the history of the South Carolina troubles? 

1!). Mention some of the events at the beginning of the Seminole War. 

20. Who succeeded Jackson as President, and when ? 

21. In what condition was the country in 1837? 

22. What efforts were made to remedy this distress ? 

23. What was Van Buren's remedy ? 

24. State what occurred on the Canada frontiers. 

25. Who was elected President in 1840? 

2G. Why did Van Buren lose his re-election ? 

27. How many Presidents were there up to the year 1841? 

28. Name them, and give the respective terms of each, and the dates. 



22. What was Van Buren's greatest measure ? Describe it. 

23. Wli.) succeeded Van Burcu ? Why did he lose the election ? 



HAKEISON AND TYLER — 1841-'45. 



149 



CITY OF MEX CO 




PART III.— FROM 1841 TO 1849. 

ADMINISTRATIONS OF WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON AND JOHN 
TYLER NINTH AND TENTH PRESIDENTS. 

1841-1845. 

1. Death of the President. — General Harrison was in- 
augurated ]\rarch 4, 1841. He immediately called an ex- 
tra session of Congress to devise some plan to restore pub- 
lic prosperity. Before Congress met he died, April 4, and 
Vice-president Tyler succeeded to the Presidency. 

2. Tyler leaves the Whigs. — Congress met, and repeal- 
ed the Sub-treasury Bill. It also passed a general bank- 
rupt bill, and two bills to establish a national bank. Ty- 
ler vetoed the two last, much to the indignation of the 
Whig party ; and thereupon all the President's cabinet 
except Daniel Webster, Secretary of State, resigned. 



1. What did riarrison first do? What happened before Congress met? Who 
succeeded to the Presidency? 

2. What measures did Congress pass ? What followed ? 



150 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

3. Boundary of Maine settled. — Mr. Webster, and Lord 
Asliburtoii, llu" JJrilisli coimnissioncr, settled the northern 
boundary-line of Maine in the year 1842. This bound- 
ary had been a long standing source of trouble between 
England and the United States, and at one time threat- 
ened to lead to war. 

4. Rebellion in Rhode Island.— The same year, 1 842, an 
insurrection, known as the Dorr Rebellion, broke out in 
llliode Island. The old charter, granted to the colony 
througli the efforts of Roger Williams, was still the con- 
stitution of the State. One of its provisions required 
that all voters should possess a certain amount of prop- 
erty. Many of the people wished to change this, and 
form a new constitution. Two parties were formed, and 
two governors were elected. One of these, named Dorr, 
at the head of the " suffrage party," took up arms ; but 
before blood was shed the President interfered with Uni- 
ted States' troops. A free suffrage constitution was adopt- 
ed in November of tlie same year. 

5. Texas seeks Admission.— The great question of Ty- 
k'r's administration was tlie annexation of Texas. This 
territory had been a province of Mexico, but its people 
threw off the Spanish yoke, and decLared their independ- 
ence in 1835. In April, 1844, they applied for admission 
to the American Union, but their application was rejected 
by the Senate, July 8. 

G. Annexation of Texas approved. — The admission of 
Texas was strongly opposed by a large body of the 
American people, because it was seen that it would lead 
to a war with jMexico. During the fall of 1844, the elec- 
tion for President took place. The canvass, which was 
very bitter, was mainly fought on the annexation of Tex- 
as, and the friends of that measure triumphed in the 
electi on of James K. Polk, of Tennessee, a Democrat. 

if. What bouiulary was settled? When, and by whom ? 

4. What rebelliou occurred I' Where ? When ? Give the cause. How was it 
settled ? 
r.. What question came up? Give its history, and how it was received. 
C. llow far was it popular ? What showed the true feelins ? 



WAR WITH MEXICO — 1846. 151 

7. Annexation settled. — The Texas question was again 
brought before the Senate in December. On March 1, 
1845, a resolution, annexing Texas to the United States, 
was passed, and was immediately signed by President 
Tyler, two days before the close of liis administration. 

ADMINISTRATION OF JAMES K. POLK THE ELEVENTH 

PRESIDENT. 

1845-1849. 

8. Oregon Boundary settled. — The north-western bound- 
ary between British America and Oregon was settled 
soon after the beginning of Polk's administration. There 
was a very warlike feeling on this point during the latter 
part of the previous administration. l>ut now the all- 
engrossing subject in the minds of the people was war 
WITH Mext(H), which was rapidly approaching. 

9. General Taylor sent to Texas. — On the 4th of July, 
1845, Texas approved the bill of annexation passed by the 
United States Congress in March. In the same month, 
July, General Taylor was ordered to Texas, and took post 
at Corpus Christi, near the mouth of the River Nueces 
{niod-ces). Mexico considered Taylor's movement as an 
invasion of Mexican territor}^, and therefore an act of war. 

10. War with Mexico — Fighting at the Rio Grande. — 
In the spring of 184G, Taylor moved westward to the Rio 
Grande {re-o gran-da)^ opposite Matamoras, where the 
Mexicans were stationed, and built a fort, afterward called 
Fort Brown. Soon after, a reconnoitring party under 
Captain Thornton was surprised b}^ the Mexicans, and 
nearly all killed. This was the first blood shed. 

11. Taylor saves Point Isabel. — There were United 
States stores at Point Isabel, in Taylor's rear. The Mex- 

7. When was it again brought up ? How and when was it settled ? 

8. What question was settled early in 1S45? Why was this fortunate? What 
subject now engrossed public attention ? 

9. How did Texas act ? What occurred in July ? How did Mexico regard this ? 

10. When aud where did Taylor move ? Where was the first blood shed? 



152 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

icans began to push in between the fort and the Point. 
Taylor, being anxious about his stores, left Major Brown 
in coniniancl, and marched to Point Isabel, May 1. Here 
lie was re-enforced, and on May 7 began his return to the 
Pvio Grande witli 2300 men. 

12. Battles of May 8th and 9th. —Next day, 6000 Mexi- 
cans, nnder General Arista, met him at Palo Alto (pah'-lo 
a/tl'-to), where a severe battle was fought, in wdiich the 
3Iexicans were defeated. Late on the following day, 
May 0, the Mexicans made a stand at Resaca de la Palma 
(res-d'-kd da Id pa/d-md), and were beaten, with the loss 
of over a thousand men. 

13. Taylor reaches Fort Brown. — Taylor next day reach- 
ed the fort, wliich liad been constantly bombarded during 
his absence, and found IMajor Brown mortally wounded. 
In his honor, the fort was named Fort Brown, now known 
as Brownsville. On the 18th of May, Taylor crossed the 
river and took possession of Matamoras. 

14. War declared— Plan of Operations. — The news from 
the Bio Grande produced great excitement in the Uni- 
ted States. Congress, on May 11, declared war, voted 
810,000,000, and ordered 80,000 volunteers to be raised. 
The war was very popular among the young, and the 
(Tovernment readily obtained men enough. The plan of 
operations was very simple. An army was to overrun 
New ]\rexico and California, another was to march into 
Chiluialiua (chee-iud'-icd) and the northern part of Mex- 
ico, a tliird was to operate on the Rio Grande. 

15. Capture of Monterey.— At Matamoras General Tay- 
lor's army was re-enforced, making it 0000 men. With 
these he attacked tlie strongly fortified town of Monterey 
(m<m-ta-ra), in New Leon {la-on'), and, after severe fight- 
ing for four days, the garrison surrendered, September 24. 

11. Why did Taylor leave the fort ? What is said of his movements ? 

12. What buttles occurred on his way back ? Give dates. 

13. What happened at the fort ? What was it named ? What of Taylor ? 

14. State the effect of the news in the United States. The measures of Con- 
•^Toss. Tho fcolinp of the people about the war. The plan of the campaign. 



WAR WITH MEXICO — 184G. 



153 




.All'AIGNS IN MEXIUO. 



Tjiylor then agreed to an armistice with the Mexican 
Government for eight weeks. 

16. Taylor and Wool at Saltillo. — The armistice termi- 
nated November 13, and General Wool, wlio had been 
or-dered to abandon operations against Chihuahua, joined 
that part of Taylor's army which had advanced to Saltil- 
lo [sahl-teel'-yo). On November 14, Tampico {tam-pe-kd)^ 
on the Gulf of Mexico, surrendered to a United States 
squadron under Captain Connor. 

17. Taylor loses his best Troops. — The United States 
Government had meanwhile planned an expedition to 
penetrate to the city of Mexico by way of Vera Cruz 
{va-ra kroos)^ and placed General Scott in command. As 
a part of the plan. General Taylor was ordered to send 
to Scott, his superior officer, a very considerable part of 
his troops and some of his very best officers. By doing 
this, he w^as left with little more than 5000 men. 



15. What is said of Taylor's operations ? To what did he a£?ree ? 

1G. Who joined Taylor, and where? What occurred elsewhere in November? 

17. What loss did Taylor suffer ? What was the cause of this ? 

G > 



154 HISTOIIY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

] 8. Victory at Buena Vista.— General Santa Anna, tak- 
incr advantJige of Taylor's diminished numbers, moved 
a<Jiiinst him with 20,000 Mexicans. Taylor took a posi- 
tion at liuena Vista {bwaJyia ve'std), where a severe battle 
was Ibug-ht, February 23, 1847, in which Santa Anna was 
defeated. In the summer Taylor returned to the United 
States, leaving General Wool in command. 

19. Kearny's Operations. — General Kearny (kar'ni/) had 
command of the operations against New Mexico and Cali- 
fornia. In June, 1846, he left Fort Leavenworth, on the 
Missouri, and after marching 1000 miles, occupied Sante 
Fe, August 18. He then pressed westward to California. 

20. Doniphan's great March. — When Kearny left Santa 
Fe, he ordered Colonel Doniphan to push south into Chi- 
Imahua. After a march of more than 1000 miles, he final- 
ly reached Saltillo in safety. On the way he defeated 
tlie Mexicans at Bracito (^m-i(/ie'-^o), December 25, and at 
Sacramento, February 28, 1847. 

21. Fremont in California. — Important events had al- 
ready taken place in California. Fremont, an active Uni- 
ted States officer, was exploring the Far West at the be- 
ginning of the war. While thus engaged, he was ordered 
to protect the American settlers in California, who were 
tlireatened by the Mexican governor. He hastened thith- 
er with 60 men, and, being joined by his countrymen, com- 
pelled the Mexicans, after a series of skirmishes, to move 
to tlic south. California was declared independent July 5. 

22. California conquered.— On the 7th of July, Commo- 
dore Sloat, with some war vessels, bombarded and cap- 
tured Monterey, on the Pacific coast. Commodore Stock- 
ton arrived, and superseded Sloat. In a short time all of 
California fell into the hands of the United States ; and on 
February 8, 1847, Kearny assumed the governorship. 

IS. What important battle followed ? What is said of Taylor ? 

10. What were Kearny's orders ? Describe his march, and his final movement. 

2(1. What romantic expedition from Saute Fc is mentioned ? Its success ? 

21. Who was Fremont? Where did he go ? What did he achieve ? 

22. State further operations in California. What is said of Kearny ? 



WAR WITH MEXICO 1847. 



155 



23. Scott's Expedition— Vera Cruz. — The United States 
Government, in sending an expedition to the capital of 
Mexico, determined to "conquer a peace." General Scott, 
commander-in-chief, landed near Vera Cruz, with 13,000 
men, on March 9. That city was defended by the strong 
castle of San Juan de UUoa (dd-ool-o'd). After a severe 
bombardment, the castle and city surrendered, March 27. 




600TTS CAMPAIGN IN MEXICO. 



24. March to the Capital. — The march to the city of 
Mexico now began. Santa Anna, with 15,000 Mexicans, 
held the heights of Cerro Gordo, which commanded a 
mountain pass. On the 18th of April the heights were 
stormed, and by noon were in possession of the Ameri- 
cans. Next day Scott entered Jalapa (hd-ld'-pd), and on 
the 15th of May, without resistance, the troops occupied 
the large city of Puebla {i^imh'ld). Here the army rested, 
and waited three months for re-enforcements. 

25. Within Sight of the City.~On August 7, General 
Scott resumed his march with 10,000 men, and on the 
11th was within fifteen miles of the capital This was 
defended by strong works, garrisoned by more than 

23. What expedition is now mentioned ? What was its object ? Describe the 
first movements. 

24. What is said of the march ? The first engagement ? The occupation of the 
city ? 



15G HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

:]0,000 Mexicans. The direct road seemed the most dan- 
<>-crous, and therefore General Scott turned to the left, 
and approaclied by way of San Augustin {aio-goos'teen). 

26. The Defenses of Mexico.— There were strong Mexi- 
can works on this route. There were the fortified camp 
of Contreras {con-traras), the Castle of San Antonio, the 
lieio-lits of Cherubusco, and the Castle of Chapultepec 
{('/ta-pool-td-pek'). On the same day, August 20, Con- 
treras, San Antonio, and Cherubusco, one after another, 
were carried by assault. Less than 10,000 Americans 
liad beaten 30,000 Mexicans behind strong defenses. 

27. The last Struggle begun. — General Scott advanced 
within three miles of the city. Santa Anna pleaded for 
delay, and Scott granted him an armistice, hoping for a 
surrender. The Mexicans used the time to strengthen 
the strong works at Molino del Rey {mo-le-no del m) and 
Cliapultepec. Scott, on learning this, ordered an assault, 
September 8, on Molino del Rey, w^hich was captured by 
General Worth, after a bloody battle. 

28. The closing Battle before the City. — On the 12th, 
General Scott opened a heavy fire on Chapultepec, whicli 
sliattered the walls, and on the 13th it was taken by as- 
sault. The city now lay at his mercy, and on the 14th 
General Scott and his army entered the capital of Mex- 
ico. Santa Anna and his ofiicers had fled. 

29. Driven off at Puebla.— At Puebla there were some 
1800 sick American soldiers, in the care of Major Childs, 
besieged by a body of Mexicans, whom Santa Anna joined 
after his flight from the capital. A detachment sent by 
General Lane came to the help of the sorely-pressed 
Americans, and the Mexicans were driven off*. 

30. Treaty of Peace.— The war was now ended. On 
February 2, 1848, the Mexicans concluded a treaty of 

25. When does he see the capital ? What of the approach, and change of route ? 
2C. Give the defenses of Mexico. The battles. 

27. What delay occurred ? When ? The next battle, and results. 

28. The closing battle. Result. What of Santa Anna ? 

29. What occurred at Puebla ? Who was in the attack ? The result. 



TREATY AVITH MEXICO 1848. 157 

jieace with American commissioners at Guadalupe Hidal- 
go {gwd-dd-loo-pa he-dahl'go). It made the Rio Grande 
the western boundary of Texas, and gave the United 
States the provinces of New Mexico and California. Mex- 
ico, in return, received $15,GyQ0,000 from the United States. 
Peace was proclaimed by President Polk, July 4, 1848. 

31. Discovery of Gold. — While the treaty was yet pend- 
ing — January, 1848 — gold was discovered on the Sacra- 
mento River, in California. The news spread with ra- 
pidity through the United States, and an immense num- 
ber of emigrants, some by way of Cape Horn, some across 
the Plains, soon found their way to the gold-diggings. 

32. Presidential Election.— In the fall of 1848, General 
Zachary Taylor — one of the heroes of the Mexican War, 
and a Whig, was elected President over General Cass, of 
Michigan, a Democrat. 



"REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

1. W^hy was John Tyler inangnrated President ? 

2. Stale the particnhirs of the Dorr rebellion. 

3. What were the causes of the Mexican W^ar? 

4. Who were the leading generals engaged on both sides? 

5. Name all the battles in which General Taylor was engaged. Give dates. 

6. What led to the battles of May Sth and 9th ? 

7. What part of Mexico was the scene of Taylor's operations ? 

8. Where, and in what battles was General Scott engaged ? Give dates. 

9. Describe the different battles in the neighborhood of the capital. 

10. How long a time intervened between the attack on Vera Cruz and the sur- 
render of the city of Mexico ? 

n. Describe any other important expedition. 
2. Give the particulars of the conquest of California. 

13. How long did the war last, and m whose administration was it ? 

14. When and where was a treaty of peace made? 

15. Give the terms of the treatj% 

16. What remarkable event occurred in the new territory? 
IT. How did this affect the population of the Pacific coast? 

18. What States were admitted into the Union during the period embraced in 
Part III. ? See pp. 151, 159. 

30. Treaty of peace, when made, and where ? Its provisions. 

31. What important discovery ? When ? What effect was produced ? 

32. Who was chosen President? What is said of his opponents? 



158 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 




PART IV.— 1849 TO 1861. 

ADMINISTRATIONS OF ZACHARY TAYLOR AND MILLARD FILL- 
MORE — TWELFTH AND THIRTEENTH PRESIDENTS. 

1849-1853. 

1. California seeks Admission. — The most important 
event in tlie administration of President Taylor grew out 
of the question of slavery. Indeed, onward now to the 
Civil War, Ave will find this to be the main question in 
all the admmistrations. California grew so rapidly in 
population, that in February, 1850, it applied for admis- 
sion into the Union as a Free State. 

2. Death of the President.— This was the signal for a 
bitter contest in Congress, which spread throughout the 
country. While the discussion was going on, General 
Taylor died, July 9, 1850, and was succeeded by Millard 

1. What was now Uie f,'reat question of the day ? What is said of California ? 



150 

Fillmore, of New York, Vice-president. Taylor was Pres- 
ident a little more than one year and four months. 

3. Clay's Compromise Bill.— In September, 1850, the ex- 
citement on the slaver}^ question was in a measure qui- 
eted by the passage of Henry Clay's Compromise Bill. 
It provided for other things besides the admission of 
-California, and was nicknamed the " Omnibus Bill." Its 
principal points were that California should be admitted 
as a free state ; that two territories, Utah and New Mex- 
ico, should be organized, without mention of slavery ; that 
the traffic in slaves should be prohibited in the District 
of Columbia; and that a law should be passed securing 
the arrest and return of fugitive slaves. 

ADMINISTRATION OF FRANKLIN PIERCE — THE FOURTEENTH 
PRESIDENT. 

1853-1857. 

4. New Territory purchased. — Franklin Pierce, of New 
Hampshire, succeeded Fillmore as President. He had 
been elected over General Scott, the Whig candidate, and 
John P. Hale, the Free-soil candidate. At an early peri- 
od in Pierce's administration, a large addition to the ter- 
ritory of the United States was made by purchase from 
Mexico. This was known as the Gadsden Purchase, and 
was erected into the Territory of Arizona. 

5. Excitement on Slavery. — Although Clay's Compro- 
mise Bill for a time quieted public excitement, it was not 
long before a very bitter feeling was produced by that 
part of it known as the Fugitive Slave Act. The people 
of the North in several instances resisted the officers at- 
tempting to arrest fugitive slaves. Some of the Free 
States passed Personal Liberty Bills declaring all slaves 



2. What did this produce ? What occurred ? Who succeeded him ? 

3. What compromise was made ? How nicknamed ? State its provisions. 

4. Who succeeded Fillmore? What is said of the election? What addition 
of territory was made ? State the additions of territory from 1789 till 1853. 



160 HISTORY OP THE UNITED STATES. 

IVce Avhen tliey came witliin their limits. This, again, 
deeply irritated the people of the Southern States. 

G. Kansas-Nebraska Bill. — The excitement showed it- 
self strongly when, in December, 1853, Senator Douglas 
introduced into Congress his famous Kansas-Nebraska 
Bill. In this, Kansas and Nebraska were organized into 
territories, and the settlers were left free to choose wheth- 
er they would have slavery or not. This was contrary 
to the Missouri Compromise of 1820, which prohibited 
slavery in this whole region. The bill passed, May, 1854. 

7. The Struggle in Kansas. — In Nebraska there was 
no struggle; it was too far north. But there at once 
began a long and bitter contest in Kansas, among its 
own settlers, whether it should be pro-slavery or free-soil. 
This struggle was watched with the most intense anxi- 
ety throughout the country. In the midst of it, in the 
fall of 1856, the Presidential election took place, and 
James Buchanan, of Pennsylvania, was chosen President 
over John C. Fremont, the Free-soil candidate. 

administration of JAMES BUCHANAN — THE FIFTEENTH 
PRESIDENT. 

1857-1861. 

8. Public Opinion on Slavery.— The anti-slavery feel- 
ing of the country showed great strength in the support 
it gave Fremont, and it continued to gain strength as the 
months rolled on. The Free and Slave State settlers in 
Kansas still struggled, and blood was frequently shed. 
Each party had its own government, and their disputes 
were discussed in Congress. 

9. John Brown's Raid.— One of the most active of 
these Kansas Free State settlers was old John Brown, 



5. What produced renewed excitement ? In what way ? 

0. What bill increased this? Mention its provisions. What great measure 
did it destroy ? 
7. What contest hepan ? W^hy not in Nebraska ? W^hat of the election ? 
S. Show the public rcelin<r on slavery. What is said of Kansas ? 



Buchanan's administration — 1857-'61. 161 

the hero of some sharp fighting there. Leaving Kansas, 
he went to Virginia to liberate the slaves, and on the 
night of October 16, 1859, with twenty-one companions, 
seized the United States Arsenal at Harper's Ferry. Af- 
ter holding it for two days, he was overpowered by the 
State and Federal troops, made prisoner, and thirteen of 
his band were killed. 

10. His Trial and Execution. — He and six of his com- 
panions were tried, convicted, and hung, December 2, 
1859. He died with remarkable firmness. On his trial, 
Brown steadily aftirmed that his only object was to lib- 
erate tlie slaves, and that he acted without advice or en- 
couragement ; but, notwithstanding this, the North was 
blamed. "John Brown's raid" served to inflame still 
more the people of the South against the North. 

1 1 . Four Presidential Candidates. — In this excited state 
of the public mind the election for President took place. 
There were four candidates : Douglas, the representative 
of popular sovereignty in the Territories, and Northern 
Democracy ; Breckinridge, of pro-slavery, and Southern 
Democracy ; Lincoln, of the exclusion of slavery, and the 
Republican party ; and Bell, of the Constitutional, or 
Union, party, which said nothing for or against slavery. 

12. South Carolina secedes from the Union. — The Re- 
publicans triumphed in the election of Abraham Lincoln, 
of Blinois. This was taken as a grievous offense by the 
South, which had threatened to secede from the Union 
should Lincoln be elected. In December they began to 
put these threats into execution. South Carolina was the 
first to move. A convention assembled at Charleston, and 
on the 20th resolved South Carolina out of the Union. 

13. Fort Sumter. — Major Anderson, a United States ofli- 
cer, had at this time command of the Government troops 
in Charleston Harbor. The conduct of the Carolinians 

9. Who was Johu Brown? What is said of his raid, and its success? 

10. What of his trial ? What was the effect of the raid ou the country ? 

11. Name the candidates for the Presidency. Give the platforms of each. 

12. Who was elected ? How was it regarded by the South ? W^hat followed ? 



1G2 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

made him anxious about tlie safety of the forts, and 
for o-reater security he removed his troops from Fort 
Mouttrie, on Sullivan's Island, to Fort Sumter, in the cen- 
tre of the harbor. The Carolinians were indignant at 
this, and erected heavy batteries commanding the fort. 

14. Re-enforcements for Sumter driven back. — Ander- 
son had only 80 men, and was short of provisions. Ac- 
cordino-ly, in January, the United States Government 
sent off a merchant steamer, with supplies and re-enforce- 
ments for Sumter. The Carolina batteries fired on her 
at the mouth of the harbor, and forced her to return. 
This was on January 10. Anderson could get neither 
men nor provisions, and there he lay, nearly surrounded 
by batteries growing stronger and stronger every day. 

15. Secession of six more States. — In less than six weeks 
the States of Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Lou- 
isiana, and Texas followed South Carolina, and seceded 
from the Union. In February, 1861, delegates from six 
of these States met at Montgomery, Alabama, and form- 
ed a government called the Confederate States of Amer- 
ica. Jefferson Davis, of Mississippi, was chosen Presi- 
dent, and A. IT. Stephens, of Georgia, Vice-president. 

1 G. Secessionists seize United States Property.— The se- 
ceding States promptly seized most of the forts, arsenals, 
navy-yards, and public property within their borders. It 
is supposed that guns and military stores alone worth 
over $20,000,000 fell into their hands. Fort Pickens, 
near I^Misacola, saved by the energy of Lieutenant Slem- 
mcr, Fort Sumter, and some forts at the south point of 
Fl<)ri<la, were all that were left to the United States with- 
in the limits of the seceding States. 

17. State of Things at Washington. — Meanwhile the 
Government at Washington did little to arrest the prog- 

13. Who was Major Andersou ? Where was he ? Where did he move, and why? 
(Jive the result of this. 

1 4. What was his force ? What help was sent V What took place on January 10. 

15. What other States seceded ? What did they do in February ? 
IG. What did they secure ? What forts were saved to the Union ? 



GENERAL REFLECTIONS. 163 

ress of these events. Compromises were prepared by in- 
fluential men, but the South scorned them. The President 
seemed paralyzed. The friends of the South were every- 
where active and hopeful. The North was as yet divided 
in sentiment, and uncertain in its action. In this state 
of gloom and anxiety at the North, but of zeal, resolu- 
tion, and activity at the South, Buchanan's term ended. 



GENERAL REFLECTIONS. 

1. Negro Slavery was the great cause of the approach- 
ing war. It began at Jamestown in 1620, and growing 
slowly at first, soon spread rapidly among the Southern 
colonies. The slaves performed the work in the tobacco 
fields, and in the rice and cotton plantations. When, in 
1793, the cotton-gin, a machine to separate the cotton seed 
from the fibre, was invented, slave labor came into great 
demand; so that from 650,000 slaves in the South in 
1790, the number had increased in 1860 to 4,000,000. 

2. Slavery North and South. — The great body of the 
people in the North had from the first been opposed to 
negro slavery. There were slaves, it is true, in nearly 
all the Northern colonies, but they did not increase there 
rapidly. The colder climate, and particularly free labor, 
prevented this. Many of the leading men at the South 
also opposed slavery at first, but the wants of the South 
for labor, especially in the cotton plantations, carried the 
day; and the labor of the shave became one of the chief 
sources of Southern wealth and power. 

3. The State Rights Doctrine. — There were other, but 
minor, causes that led to secession. A large part of the 
South, South Carolina in particular, advocated the doc- 
trine of State rights. They believed that the United 

17. Describe the state of things at Washington ? How was the South acting? 

1. What was the great cause of secession ? What is said of its growth ? What 
invention greatly increased it? Give the numbers showing this. 

2. Give the early opinions North and South on slavery. How was early opiu- 
iou at the South overborne ? 



164 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STA.TES. 

States were only a league or union that could be broken 
whenever any of the States thought best. This view was 
opposed to tlie idea of a strong, permanent, national union. 

4. The South and the Tariff. — Again, there was the 
TARIFF question, on which the extreme South was op- 
jtosed to the Xorth. The South was slaveholding, and 
])roduccd tobacco, rice, cotton, and latterly sugar. The 
North was a manufacturing people, and had goods to 
sell. The South said they could buy what they needed 
cheaper in Europe than from the North, and that a pro- 
tective tariif benefited the North at the expense of the 
South. 

5. The Struggle between North and South for Power. — 
But the great question of slavery underlay and overtop- 
ped every other question, and led to the long struggle 
for power between the North and South, which ended 
in secession. It was a struggle whether slavery or free 
labor should have most territory, and consequently the 
greatest number of States and representatives in Con- 
gress. The chief events that show this struggle were : 

I. The contest ending in the Missouri Compromise, 

page 159. 
II. The annexation of Texas, to give more slave terri- 
tory, page 151. 

III. The Compromise Bill of 1 850, and particularly that 

part — 

IV. The Fugitive Slave Act, page 159. 
V. The Kansas-Nebraska Bill, page 160. 

C. Secession long determined on. — The John Brown 
raid and tlie election of Lincoln only gave the South a 
• onvenient excuse for seceding. The leaders said they 
liad been preparing for secession for several years. When, 
at the end of the great Kan sas-Nebraska struggle, it was 

.S. Whal other cause led to secession ? Define it. To what was it opposed ? 
4. now did the South rej,'ard the tariff question ? State fully what was said. 
... I- or what did the South and North contend? Mention the chief events that 
Hi<nv this struKflle. Describe racli of these from the past history as stated. 



GENERAL EEFLECTIONS. 165 

seen that nothing could prevent the Free States from 
outnumbering the Slave States in Congress, the political 
struggle was virtually ended. The only hope of the South 
was in secession, which they supposed would be peacea- 
ble, but in this they were grievously mistaken. 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

1. How was Harrison distinguished before he became President ? 

2. When and in what way did California become a source of contention ? 

3. State the object and chief points of the Omnibus Bill. 

4. What important event occurred during its discussion ? 

5. Who succeeded Harrison ? 

6. When was the Compromise Bill adopted? Who was its author 

7. Who succeeded Fillmore as President? 

8. What addition of territory was made early in his term? 

9. How was the Compromise Bill regarded at the North? 

10. Describe Senator Douglas's famous bill of lS5i]. 

11. How was it received in Congress and by the country ? 

12. What great compromise did it break? 

13. What is said of the struggle in Kansas ? 

14. What occurred during the contest there? 

15. How did public feeling show itself in this election ? 

10. What remarkable train of events sprang from Kansas troubles? 

17. Give the particulars of John Brown's movements. 

18. What effect did these produce? 

19. State the different candidates for the Presidency in 1860. 

20. What followed the election of Lincoln, and how soon ? 

21. What took place in Charleston Harbor? 

22. What insult was given to the United States flag, January, 1861? 

23. Enumerate the political events that marked the progress of secession. 

24. Describe the active hostile movements of the Secessionists. 

25. What were the state of things at Washington during all this ? 

26. What is said of negro slavery as the cause of secession ? 

27. Describe the two other great subjects of Southern grievance. 

28. Enumerate the events that marked the progress of the slavery struggle. 

29. How long had secession beeu determined on? 

6. What other events are alluded to ? What was averred at the South ? When 
did the contest for political power virtually end ? In what was the South great- 
ly mistaken ? 



1G6 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 




PART v.— 1861 TO 1869. 

ADMINISTRATION OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN — 
PRESIDENT. 



THE SIXTEENTH 



CIVIL WAR: 1861-1865. 

1. Lincoln's Life threatened. — There were loud threats 
from the Secessionists that Mr. Lincoln would not be al- 
lowed to enter the White House. It was even said that he 
would be attacked on his journey to the capital. Great 
precautions were taken, therefore, to secure his safe arriv- 
al at Wasliington, and on the 4th of March, 1861, he was 
iuaufrurated with an imposing display of military force. 

2. His Inaugural Message was full of expressions of 
good -will to the South, urging obedience to the laws, 
and affirming that he " had no lawful right," and " no in- 
clination," to interfere with slavery ; that secession meant 
anarchy ; and that, if w\ar should arise, the South would 
be the aggressors. These temperate words were received 
by the Secessionists with disdain. 



1. What threats were made ? What is said of his journey and inauguration ? 

2. What is said of Lincoln's inaugural address? 



Lincoln's administration — 1861-'65. 167 

3. Attempt to provision Fort Sumter. — On the 21st of 
March, the Cabinet at Washington determined to provis- 
ion Fort Sumter at all hazards. But some delay occur- 
red in getting the fleet ready for this purpose. The Con- 
federates, hearing of these preparations, sent orders from 
Montgomery to demand the surrender of the fort, and, in 
case of refusal, to reduce it by bombardment. 

4. Attack on Fort Sumter. — The demand was accord- 
ingly made by General Beauregard {bd-ra-gard), and re- 
fused. On the morning of April 12th, fire was , opened 
on the fort from 14 batteries, with 47 guns and mortars. 
After a defense of thirty-four hours, the inside of the fort 
being on fire in several places, and his little band utterly 
worn out, Anderson surrendered, and, on April 14, march- 
ed out with the honors of war. No one on either side 
was killed. 

5. The Effect on the North.—The attack on Fort Sum- 
ter was the signal of war. The North heard the account 
with the most intense indignation. On the 15th of April, 
the day after the surrender, Lincoln, in a proclamation, 
called for 75,000 militia to defend Washington, and con- 
vened a meeting of Congress for the 15th of July. 

6. The Effect on the South.— The South was wild with 
joy. The blow had at last been struck. In the whirl of 
excitement, Virginia joined the Confederacy, April 17. 
Arkansas and North Carolina followed in May, Tennessee 
in June — making eleven States, a number which was nev- 
er increased. Missouri, Kentucky, and Maryland, as yet 
doubtful, were in the end saved to the Union. 

7. Attack on Harper's Ferry. — On the day following the 
secession of Virginia, 250 of her militia marched to seize 
the United States Arsenal at Harper's Ferry. The ofiicer 
in charge, aware of this, destroyed the muskets, set fire 

3. ^Vhat decision was reached ? How was this met by the Confederates ? 

4. Describe the attack on the fort. Give the result. What was the losg ? 

5. What was the effect on the North? What was done by Lincohi ? 

6. What was the effect on the South ? What influence did it have on 
sion ? What of other Southern States ? 



1G8 



[ITSTOr.Y OF THE UNITED STATES. 













lill Spring >''^.J^^.' __ :/ -W,r.,,,i:^,-C-, 'r.„>^i>'* A\ 




MAP OF OrEUATIONS IN THE KA8T AND BOUTU. 



CIVIL WAK — 1861. 169 

to the buildinp^s, and retreated into Pennsylvania. The 
Confederates obtained much valuable machinery. 

8. Norfolk Navy-yard seized. — Nearly at the same time 
the Virginians seized the navy-yard near Norfolk, with 
all its foundries, docks, machine-shojjs, 2000 cannon, and 
immense quantities of powder, shot, and shell. The ves- 
sels of war were either sunk or burned by the United 
States officer in command of the navy-yard, but some of 
these were afterward raised and refitted by the Confeder- 
ates. The United States lost property worth more than 
110,000,000, and at a time when it was most needed. 

9. First Blood shed in Baltimore.— While these events 
were taking place, the national militia were crowding to 
the defense of Washington, which was threatened by the 
Confederates. On the 19th of April, a Massachusetts 
regiment on its march was attacked by a secession mob 
in the streets of Baltimore, three soldiers killed, and eight 
wounded. More troops came, and Washington was saved. 
On May 3, Lincoln called for 83,000 additional men. 

10. Plan of Operations.— The war now began to assume 
a distinct plam The main body of troops was to be kept 
near Washington for its defense; Fortress Monroe was 
heavily garrisoned ; General M'Clellan was sent into West 
Virginia to commence operations ; the Unionists were to 
be assisted in JMissouri ; General Patterson was ordered 
to the vicinity of Harper's Ferry. 

11. Operations in Western Virginia. — General M'Clel- 
lan defeated the Confederates at Philippi, June 3, and at 
Rich jNlountain, July 11. He defeated them again at Car- 
ricksford, on Cheat River; and at Carnifex Ferry, on 
the Gauly, General Rosecrans compelled the Confederate, 
Floyd, to retreat. At Cheat Mountain, the enemy, under 

7. How did the Virginians show their activity? What was their success? 

8. What did they gain about the same time? What became of the war-ships? 
Why was this so disastrous to the United States? 

9. Where and when was the first blood shed? How did this occur? Why 
were they going to Washington ? 

10. Give the plan of operations of ISfil. 

11 



170 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Robert E. Leo, were repulsed, September 14, and the Con- 
federates soon after retired from West Virginia. 

12. Operations in East Virginia.— With the exception 
of a sharp figlit at Big Bethel, June 10, in which a small 
Union force from General Butler's command was defeat- 
ed, nothing occurred in 1861 around Fortress Monroe. 
The scene of active operations in East Virginia lay near 
the Potomac. On the 23d of May, troops crossed that 
river from Washington, and took possession of Arling- 
ton Heights and Alexandria. The Confederate capital 
was changed from Montgomery to Richmond, and the 
Xorth demanded that the Union army be pushed on to 
that city. 

13. The Advance to Richmond. — General Scott, being 
very old, remained in Washington, and General McDowell 
was ordered to advance with the army. The Confeder- 
ates, under General Beauregard, lay near Manassas Junc- 
tion, 27 miles from Alexandria. After some skirmish- 
ing at Centreville, M'Dowell attacked the Confederates, 
July 21, at Bull Run, a small stream in front of their po- 
sition. 

14. The Defeat at Bull Run.— The battle at first was 
favorable to the Union troops. Late in the afternoon, 
General Joseph E. Johnston arrived with fresh Confed- 
erate troops from the valley of the Shenandoah. The 
Unionists, seized with a panic, fled in great disorder 
toward Washington, leaving behind them 3000 killed, 
wounded, and ])risoners. 

15. Its Effect on the Country.— As this was the first 
important battle between the two leading armies, the de- 
feat at first greatly depressed the people of the North. 

11. What general first distinguished himself in West Virginia? Give the dif- 
ferent battles. What other generals are mentioned? What was the result of 
all this fighting? 

12. What took place near Fortress Monroe ? At what other point in East Vir- 
ginia ? To what city was the Confederate capital changed ? 

n. Who took command of the Unionists ? Why ? Where were the Confeder- 
ates ? What movement was made ? When ? 
14. Describe the battle, and state the result. 



CIVIL AVAR — 1861. 171 

Lincoln promptly called for 500,000 troops. The men 
were quickly raised, and the country soon recovered from 
its depression. General M'Clellan was summoned from 
West Virginia to take command of the troops, which were 
to be known as the Army of the Potomac. In October 
there were 150,000 men being drilled under his orders. 

16. Union Defeat at Ball's Bluff.— Only one movement 
was made by any of these troops during the rest of the 
year. Colonel Baker, Senator from California, under or- 
ders, crossed the Potomac with 2000 men at Edwards's 
Ferry, and was overpowered by the enemy, himself killed, 
and 800 of his men shot or drowned in the river. This is 
known as the battle of Ball's Bluft', October 21. 

17. Missouri -Secessionists beaten.— The State of ]\Iis- 
souri was saved to the Union through the proinpt efforts 
of Captain Lyon, a United States officer. He broke up a 
Secession camp near St. Louis, and thus saved the Arse- 
nal. On June 17, Lyon, now general, defeated Governor 
Jackson at Booneville ; and on July 5 the governor had 
a severe fight with Colonel Sigel {see-gel) at Carthage, 
and was again defeated. 

18. Confederate Successes. — The Confederate army in- 
creased so rapidly that Lyon was compelled to attack it 
with inferior numbers at Wilson's Creek, near Springfield. 
He was defeated, and himself killed. The Confederate 
general. Price, then pushed westward and laid siege to 
Lexington, held by Colonel Mulligan with 2500 men, who 
surrendered, after a brave defense, September 20. 

19. Confederates driven southward. — General Fremont 
was sent to Missouri, and drove Price southward. When 
Fremont advanced as far as Springfield, November 2, he 
was superseded by General Hunter, who led the army 

15. What was the effect of Bull Run at the North ? Liucolu's acts ? Who was 
called to the commaud ? 

16. What event happened on the Potomac in October? Give an account. 

17. How was Missoiari saved ? What battles were fought? 

18. What battle was now fought, and why? With what success? What fol- 
lowed? 



172 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 




MAT OK Ol'KRATlONS IN THE SOUTH ANI> W 



CIVIL WAR — 1861. 173 

back to St. Louis. Here General Halleck took command. 



and pushed Price southward into Arkansas. 

20. G-rant at Belmont. — Kentucky was another neutral 
State. The Confederates, however, paid no attention to 
this, and fortified Columbus, thus commanding the Mis- 
sissi2:)pi. Behiiont, across the river, in Missouri, was also 
occupied by the Confederates. General Ulysses S. Grant 
from Cairo attacked it, November 7, but was repulsed. 

21. Southern Coast blockaded. — As early as April 27, 
the Federal Government had ordered a blockade of the 
Southern coast. All the ports were in possession of the 
Confederates. It w^as a long line of coast to watch; and 
for some time, on account of the smallness of the United 
States Navy, the Confederates found no great difficulty 
in running the blockade with ftist-sailing steamers. 

22. Capture of Southern Ports. — The Government de- 
termined to capture some of these ports. On August 29, 
an expedition under Commodore Stringham and General 
Butler captured the two forts at Hatteras Inlet, which 
commanded the entrance to Albemarle and Pamlico 
Sounds.^ Another expedition, under Commodore Dupont 
and General T. W. Sherman, captured the two forts at the 
entrance of Port Royal Harbor, South Carolina, Novem- 
ber 7. Thenceforward Port Royal became a useful depot 
of supplies for the Union fleets and armies. 

23. The Trent Affair. — The Confederates expected to 
obtain help from foreign powers, and, to secure this, de- 
termined to send Messrs. Mason and Slidell as commis- 
sioners to Europe. In October, these two escaped from 
Charleston to Havana, wdiere they took passage on the 
British steamer Trent to England. Captain Wilkes, in the 
United States war-steamer San Jacinto, boarded the Trent 

19. Who uow took command? How long? State the other changes, and 
success. 

20. How did the Confederates treat Kentucky? Where is Belmont? What 
occurred here ? 

21. What was done by Government in April ? State what is said of this. 
22- Give the first expedition to the Southern coast. Describe the other. 



174 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

at sea, seized the two commissioners, and carried them 
prisoners to Fort Warren, in Boston Harbor. 

24. Satisfaction demanded and given. — The British Gov- 
ernment immediately demanded the release of Mason and 
Slideil, and satisfaction for the insnlt to her flag, as the 
Trent was a neutral vessel. Mr. Seward, Secretary of 
State, promptly sent word to England that Cap t. Wilkes, 
had acted without authority, and the commissioners were 
released and sent on their journey. The Confederates 
were greatly disappointed at this; they hoped that war 
would at once be declared by England against the United 
States, and that with this help their own struggle with 
the North would soon be brought to a close. 

25. The Confederate Cruisers. — The South had as yet no 
navy, but it fitted out privateers to capture American 
merchant-vessels. The most active of these during the 
year 1861 was the Sumter, Captain Semmes, which es- 
caped from New Orleans in July. She continued her de- 
structive cruise until the next February, when she was 
sold in Spain. The Nashville, another cruiser, ran the 
blockade at Charleston in October. She came back to 
Savannali in 1862, Avhere she was eventually destroyed. 

26. Preparations for 1862.— It had already become quite 
plain that the war would be a long one, requiring many 
men and much money. The South was making great ex- 
ertions. The North was straining every nerve to create 
a vast navy, to drill and equip immense armies. Found- 
ries, ship-yards, and manufactoi-ies, were kept busy night 
and day. A new currency was created. The banks had 
suspended specie payments, and the Government issued 
national bank-notes, called "greenbacks." Gold and sil- 
ver disappeared from circulation. 



23. To whom did the Sonth turn for help? Give the particulars of the Trent 
affair. 

24. How did England re.sard this? IIow was the difficulty settled ? 

25. IIow active was the South on the ocean ? Give the history of their cruis- 
ers in 18f.l. 

20. Wliat was now pl.iin ? Mention the efforts of the North. 



<;iviL WAR — 1862. 



175 



^f- ^-^=^ 




'TTSBURC LANDIMC CSHILOH) 



1862. 

27. The Plan of Operations for the Year 1862 covered a 
large part of the Southern territory. Its leading points 
embraced the opening of the Mississippi River, then closed 
by Confederate forts and batteries ; the capture of Rich- 
mond ; the thorough blockade of the Union coast, and the 
rescue of Kentucky from Secession control. 

28. Confederate Line of Defense. — The year's fighting 
opened with the defeat of the Confederates by Colonel 
Garfield, on the Big Sandy River, in Eastern Kentucky, 
January 9. On the 19th, General Thomas drove them 
from Mill Spring, in the same part of the State. In 
Western Kentucky, the Confederates had command of a 
line stretching from Columbus, on the Mississippi, to 
Rowling Green, in the interior of the State. It was a 
curved line, bending down into West Tennessee, where 
there w^ere two forts, Henry and Donelson. 

29. Capture of Fort Henry.— General Halleck, wdio com- 



2T. State the general plau of operations for 1S62. 

28. What battles began the year's fighting? Describe tlie first Confederate 
line of defense. 



176 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

manded the Union army in this quarter, determined to 
break the enemy's line by capturing these forts. Then 
Cohimbus would be abandoned, on the one side, and 
Nashville and Bowling Green, on the other. Commo- 
dore Foote, with his gun-boats, sailed up the Tennessee 
River and captured Fort Henry, after a heavy bombard- 
ment, February 6. General Grant, who went by land, 
took no part in the attack. 

30. Capture of Fort Donelson. — Grant marched against 
Fort IJojielson, and Foote came up the Cumberland River 
to ])elp him. The attack of the gun-boats failed, and, on 
the 14th, Foote himself was wounded. Grant meanwhile 
so surrounded the fort that, though the Confederates 
made desperate efforts to cut their way through on the 
15th, they were repulsed, and compelled to surrender on 
the IGlh. The garrison was not less than 12,000 men. 

31. The Result of these Captures. — Columbus and Bowl- 
ing Green were both evacuated, and Nashville was occu- 
pied by the Union troops. The Confederates fell back 
to a second line of defense, on the Memphis and Charles- 
ton Railroad, the centre of which line was Corinth. To 
break it, the Union army moved south, up the Tennes- 
see, as far as Pittsburg Landing, where Grant Avas to be 
joined by General Buell, from Nashville, with re-enforce- 
ments. 

32. Battle of Shiloh.— Before his arrival, the Confeder- 
ates, under (Generals A. S. Johnston and Beauregard, on 
the morning of April 6, fell suddenly on Grant, encamped 
at Shiloh, with the river in his rear. The Union troops 
fell back, fighting stubbornly, and nightfall found them 
hemmed into a narrow space near the river, protected by 
the gun-boats. During the night Buell arrived, and next 

20. What was Halleck's plan ? Why was this thought best ? Describe the at- 
tack on Fort Henry. 

.'to. Describe the movements of Grant. Of Foote. The siege of Fort Donel- 
son. 

;u. What immediately followed, and why ? Give the second Confederate line. 
How w.i? this to be broken ? 



CIVIL WAR— 1862. 177 

morning the battle was renewed. The Confederates were 
compelled to fall back slowly to Corinth, fifteen miles dis- 
tant, the centre of an important system of railroads, and 
strongly fortified. 

33. Corinth— Third Confederate Line.— General Halleck 
moved carefully against Corinth with more than 100,000 
men. Beauregard, finding himself outnumbered, aban- 
doned the place on his approach. The second Confed- 
erate line was now broken, by the fall of Corinth, and 
the enemy fell back to a line stretching from Vicksburg 
through Jackson, Meridian, and Selma. 

34. Operations on the Mississippi.— When Columbus 
was evacuated, the Coniedei-ates went down the river 
to Island No. 10, and New Madrid, below. Commodore 
Foote for w^eeks kept up a furious bombardment on the 
island, without much effect. Meanwhile General Pope 
pushed down the Missouri bank, captured New Madrid, 
in March, then crossed the Mississippi into Tennessee, 
after terrible fighting, and thus got into the rear of the 
island. The garrison, numbering 7000 men, seeing this, 
surrendered to Foote, April 7. 

35. The River open to Memphis. — The river was now 
open as far as Fort Pillow. Here a Confederate fleet 
was destroyed by Commodore Davis, May 10, and the 
fort was abandoned on June 4. Another fight with a 
second fleet took place near Memphis, June 5, and all 
but one of the enemy's vessels were desti'oyed. Mem- 
phis was then occupied by the Union troops, June 6. 

36. Invasion of Kentucky. — After Beauregard left Cor- 
inth, the Confederate army, under General Bragg, was 
moved eastward to Chattanooga, Tennessee. General 
Kirby Smith was at Knoxville with another Confederate 



32. What took place on the landing? Describe the battle. The result. 

33. Describe Halleck's movements, and their result? What was the third 
Confederate line? 

34. Whither did the enemy go after the fall of Columbus ? Describe the events 
on the Mississippi. 

35. What is said of the loss ? What advance was made bv the Unionists ? 

112 



178 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

army. Nearly at tlie same time, both coliimDS moved 
iiortliward into Kentucky. Smith, after entering Frank- 
ibrt, went as far north as the Ohio liiver, creating great 
alarm even in Cincinnati early in September. 

87. Bragg's Movements— Retreat. — Bragg moved rap- 
idly to Louisville, but was headed off by General Buell. 
The Confederates committed great ravages in the centre 
of the State, and commenced their return, with an im- 
mense quantity of plunder. Buell overtook Bragg at Per- 
ryville, where a battle was fought, October 8. It ended 
doubtfully, and Bragg continued his retreat without fur- 
ther interruption to Chattanooga. 

38. Grant Commander — Corinth saved. — Halleck was 
ordered to Washington, and Grant was appointed to the 
command of the army west of the Tennessee. Corinth 
was threatened by two Confederate columns, under Van 
Dorn and Price. General Rosecrans, under Grant's com- 
mand, defeated Price at luka, near Corinth, September 
19. Grant went north to Jackson, Tennessee, leaving 
Rosecrans at Corinth. Here the latter was attacked, Oc- 
tober 4, by Van Dorn and Price, with 30,000 men, who 
were repulsed, with the loss of 6000 killed and wounded. 
There was a very bloody and desperate fight. 

30. Rosecrans promoted— Murfreesboro.' — Buell was now 
removed, and Rosecrans was put in command of the 
Army of the Cumberland, with his head-quarters at Nash- 
ville. In December he moved against Bragg, who lay 
at Murfreesboro', Tennessee. Here Bragg attacked him, 
and a severe battle, known as Stone River, was fought, 
continuing from December 31, 1862, to January 2, 1863. 
Bragg Avas repulsed, but retired slowly, and in good order. 

40. Failure at Vicksburg. — An expedition planned by 
Grant while at Jackson, to capture Vicksburg, on the 

30, Where was Uie Coufederate army in Tennessee ? Describe the movements 
there. 

37. Describe Bragg's advance. His success. The battle of October 8. 

38. What change now in commanders? WHiat battles? Describe them. 

39. What was Kosecrans's promotion ? Describe the battle that followed. 



CIVIL WAR — 1862. 179 

Mississippi, failed in its object. General W. T. Sher- 
man landed on the Yazoo, north of this place, but was 
repulsed from the strong works with considerable loss, 
December 29. 

41. Arkansas— Events in the North-west. — It is to be 
remembered that, in Missouri, Halleck drove Price south- 
ward to Arkansas in 1861. On March 7, 1862, General 
Curtis, with 11,000 men, was attacked at Pea Ridge, on 
the north-west edge of Arkansas, by General Van Dorn, 
at the head of 20,000 Confederates. The battle lasted 
two days, and Van Dorn was repulsed. 

42. Farragiit opens the Lower Mississippi. — The com- 
bined expedition for the capture of New Orleans was 
commanded by Commodore D. F. Farragut and General 
Butler. The river was guarded by the strong forts, St. 
Philip and Jackson, seventy miles below New Orleans, 
and a fleet of sixteen armed steamers that lay above the 
forts. A terrible bombardment was tried by Farragut, 
and this having failed, he determined to fight his way 
up the river past the batteries. 

43. The Battles -New Orleans captured. — Before day- 
light on the morning of April 24, he sailed up, with sev- 
enteen ships — his own in the van — and through a terri- 
ble fire, which he returned, passed above the forts. He 
then attacked, and in a short time destroyed, the great- 
er part of the Confederate fleet. Farragut thus fought 
two battles on the same morning. Next day, the 25th, 
he appeared in front of New Orleans, and on the 1st of 
May General Butler and the troops took formal posses- 
sion of the city. 

44. Operations in Virginia.— In the early pai-t of 1862, 
Banks was in command in the Shenandoah Valley, Fre- 



40. What expedition was planned ? What is said of it ? 

41. What occurred in Missouri, 1861? In Arkansas, 1SG2? Where is Pea 
Ridge? 

42. What expedition was planned ? How was the river defended ? What mode 
of attack was finally resolved on ? 

43. Describe the movemeuts of April 24. What followed ? 



180 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

mont in West Virginia, M'Doweli on the Rappahannock, 
while M'Clelhm was with the army on the Potomac. The 
pLan was that these armies sliould move forward at the 
same time, and unite, under M'Clellan, to attack the Con- 
federate capital. 

45. Banks forced back by Jackson. — The Confederates 
determined to break up this plan, and Jackson was sent 
against Banks, who was compelled to retreat, by forced 
marches, across the Potomac. Jackson, on his return, 
was pursued by two separate columns, under Fremont 
and Sliields. He defeated the first of these at Cross 
Keys, June 8, the other at Port Republic, June 9, and 
then leisurely marched to take part in the defense of 
Richmond. 

46. M^Clellan moves against Richmond.— Gen. M'Clel- 
lan, with the Potomac army, moved on the road to Rich- 
mond as far as Manassas, March 10. Presently the route 
was changed, and the troops, to the number of 121,000, 
were moved to Fortress Monroe by water, April 2. From 
this they advanced against Richmond by way of the pe- 
ninsula formed by the York and James rivers. 

47. Yorktown to the Chickahominy. — On April 4, they 
were stopped by the Confederate works at Yorktown. 
M'Clellan remained here a month, preparing for a regular 
siege; but when he was ready to open fire, the enemy 
were found to have left Yorktown. He overtook the rear 
of the Confederates at Williamsburg, where the latter 
were beaten after a sharp action. May 5. The Union 
army shortly occupied a line stretching along the Chick- 
ahominy River from Bottom's Bridge on the south to 
Mechanicsville on the north. 

48. The Iron-plated Ram Virginia. — Important events 

44. What were the arrangements in Eastern Virginia ? What was the plan ? 

45. How was this disarranged ? Describe Jackson's movements. 

4(5. What was the movement of the Army of the Potomac. What is the Penin- 
sula? 

47. What hindered the Union advance? How long? What occurred May 9? 
What position did the Union army occupy soon after? 



CIVIL WAR— 1862. 181 

liad meanwhile occurred near Fortress Monroe. The 
steam-frigate Merrimac was one of the ships scuttled 
and sunk at Norfolk, April, 1861. The Confederates 
raised her, cut down her deck, iron-roofed it, gave her an 
iron prow, and named her the Virginia. On March 8, 
she steamed in among the Union fleet that lay ofl* the 
fortress, and sunk the Cumberland with one blow of her 
prow. The Congress ran ashore to escape, and was then 
blown up. 

49. The Monitor and the Merrimac— That night a small 
iron-plated vessel, the Monitor, under Lieutenant Worden, 
arrived from New York. Next morning he attacked the 
Merrimac, and drove her back to Norfolk disabled. She 
was then anchored in the James for the defense of Rich- 
mond. On M'Clellan's advance up the Peninsula, the 
Confederates abandoned Norfolk, and General Wool, from 
Fortress Moni'oe, occupied it. May 10. The Merrimac 
was blown up by tlie Confederates, May 11. 

50. Battle of Fair Oaks.— On the 31st of May, the Con- 
federates attacked the left wing of M'Clellan's array at 
Fair Oaks, where an indecisive battle was fought. Gen- 
eral Johnston was severely wounded, and General Robert 
E. Lee assumed the command. Jackson, in the Shenan- 
doah Valley, had so disarranged the Union plans, that 
M'Clellan was compelled to wait for re-enforcements. 

51. M'Clellan's Line attacked. — On June 25, Jackson 
suddenly fell on M'Clellan's right wing at Mechanicsville. 
Lee, uniting with Jackson, attacked the Union troops 
north of the Chickahominy, and forced them to retreat 
to the south side, June 27. M'Clellan's base of supplies 
was on the York River ; the last battle cut him off from 
this, and he ordered a change of base to the James. 

48. Describe the Confederate iron-clad Merrimac, or Virginia. W^hat did she 
do? 

49. What was the Monitor? Describe its operations. What is the after his- 
tory of the Merrimac ? 

50. What occurred May 31 ? What was M'Clellan's situation ? Why ? 

51. Who now became the attacking party ? When and where? What resolve 
did M'Clellan now mnke ? 



182 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

52. The Union Disaster. — The retreat to that river then 
beffan. Tlie Confederates followed close, and on the 29th 
attacked the army at Savage's Station. On the 30th, 
the engagement was renewed at Frazer's Farm. On the 
morning of July 1, the Union troops reached Malvern Hill, 
which they hastily fortified with heavy guns. The Con- 
federates attacked this position with reckless bravery, 
but were mown down and repulsed with severe loss. 

53. The Result of the Retreat. — Next morning, the 
Union army reached Harrison's Landing, on the James. 
Thus ended the retreat, or, as it is called, the Seven Days' 
Battles. Both armies lost heavily. That of the Confed- 
erates was most severe, but they saved their capital. 

54. Invasion of the North. — Lee, after waiting a month 
to recruit his army, moved north to Washington. The 
only force to oppose him were the troops of Banks, Fre- 
mont, and M'Dowell, now united under General Pope, 
who had been brought from the Mississippi and placed 
in command. Banks was attacked by Jackson at Cedar 
Mountain, August 9, and compelled to retreat. 

55. Pope's Retreat to Washington. — As Lee pressed for- 
ward. Pope fell back, fighting stubbornly. A portion of 
M'Clellan's army came up from the Peninsula and joined 
him. Nothing, however, was now of any avail. Pope 
was defeated on the old field of Bull Run, in the battle 
of August 29 and 30. The last battle was at Chantilly, 
September 1, when Pope was again defeated, and then 
fell back within the defenses of Washington. 

56. Jackson captures Harper's Ferry. — M'Clellan now 
took command of the troops collecting to oppose Lee, 
who had crossed the Potomac into Maryland. Lee mean- 
while sent off Jackson to capture Harper's Ferry, the gar- 
rison of which, numbering 12,000, surrendered Septem- 
ber 15, witli scarcely any show of resistance. Li Jack- 

52. Describe the retreat. What occurred July 1 ? 

53. To what point did the Union army pjo ? What was the result of the retreat ? 

54. What was Lee's next movement? How was he met? What battle occurred? 

55. What is said of Pope's conduct? Mention the various battles. The result. 



CIVIL WAR— 1862. 183 

son's absence, M'Clellan fell on a part of Lee's army, and 
gained the battle of South Mountain, September 14. 

57. Lee defeated at Antietam. — Lee retired toward the 
Potomac, and took up a position, with the Antietam {an- 
tee-tam) River in front. Here he was joined by Jackson. 
On the 17th, M'Clellan attacked Lee, and fought the 
bloody battle of Antietam. The loss was nearly equal ; 
more than 12,000 fell on each side. The result w^as in 
favor of the Union troops ; for Lee, on the night of the 
18th, recrossed the Potomac into Virginia. The Union 
army did not follow him until November. 

58. Burnside in Command. — M'Clellan was removed 
from the command, and General Burnside, taking his place, 
led the army to the Rappahannock, intending to move 
against Richmond. Lee closely watched Burnside's move- 
ments, and took up a strong position at Fredericksburg, 
on the south side of the river. At this point Burnside 
crossed and attacked the Confederates. A short but 
bloody battle followed, December 13, and Burnside, re- 
pulsed with the loss of 11,000 men, recrossed the river. 

59. Expeditions on the Coast— North Carolina. — Li the 
beginning of the year. Commodore Goldsborough and 
General Burnside commanded an expedition to Albemarle 
and Pamlico Sounds. The most important point of de- 
fense here was the works on Roanoke Island, which sur- 
rendered, after a combined attack, February 8. The Con- 
federate fleet was destroyed. Newbern was captured 
March 14, and Fort Macon, near Beaufort, April 23. 

60. Florida Expedition— Georgia. — Another expedition 
from Port Royal, in the month of March, captured Fer- 
nandina, Jacksonville, and St. Augustine, in Florida. In 
Georgia, Brunswick and Darien were also taken. 

56. Who succeeded Pope ? What occurred September 14th and 15th ? 
5T. What is said of Lee and of Antietam ? What was the result of the battle ? 
5S. Who supplauted M'Clellan ? What movement did he make ? What is said 
of his march ? Describe the battle of Fredericksburg. 

59. What naval and military expedition took place in January ? Describe the 
various successes. 

60, What expedition started from Port Royal ? What did it accomplish ? 



184 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 




1863. 

61. Emancipation of the Slaves— Plan of the Campaign. 
— On the first day of January, 1863, Lincoln issued his 
celebrated Emancipation Proclamation. In this docu- 
ment he declared all slaves forever free in those States, or 
parts of States, then under the control of the Confedera- 
cy. There was no change in the general plan of the 
campaign from that of the previous year. The opening 
of the Mississippi — the capture of Richmond and the de- 
struction of Lee's army — the command of the sea-ports 
on the Atlantic coast — were the great objects to be ac- 
complished. 

62. Hooker and the Army of the Potomac. — Soon after 
the disaster at Fredericksburg, Burnside, at his own re- 
quest, was relieved from the command of the Army of 
the Potomac, and General Joseph Hooker took his place. 
Toward the end of April he crossed the Rappahannock, 
and advanced toward Richmond. At Chancellorsville he 
was attacked by Lee, and defeated, with the loss of 12,000 
men. Jackson was mortally wounded in this battle. 

63. Second Invasion of the North. — Lee then, for the 
second time, invaded the North. Rushing rapidly down 



61. What remarkable proclamation was made Jamiary 1, 1SG3? Describe this. 
What was the plan of operations for the year 18G3 ? 
C?. Who took Hooker's place, and why ? What important events followed ? 



CIVIL WAK — 1863. 185 

the Shenandoah Valley, he entered Pennsylvania, and cre- 
ated great alarm. The Union army, re-enforced, and now 
commanded by General Meade, followed, and took a 
strong position on the hills near Gettysburg, Pennsyl- 
vania. Here Meade was attacked by Lee, July 1. 

64. Gettysburg, and the Results. — The battle lasted 
three days, to the close of July 3. Lee was everywhere 
repulsed, and on the 4th he recrossed the Potomac, and 
fell back to the south bank of the Rapidan. The LTnion 
army followed to the north bank of the same river, but 
there was no further fighting between them during 1863. 

65. Operations on the Mississippi. — General Sherman, 
uniting his command with Porter's lleet, moved up Ar- 
kansas River, and captured Arkansas Post, January 11. 
The great work before General Grant was the capture of 
Vicksburg. After failing in several attempts, he moved 
his army down the west bank of the river, and crossed 
below Vicksbui-g at Bruinsburg, near Port Gibson. His 
plan was to tight his way to the rear of the city. 

66. Grant in the Rear of Vicksburg. — Pemberton's army 
came out of Vicksburg and fought him, while General 
Johnston attacked him from the east. Grant gained the 
battle of Port Gibson, May 1. On May 14, he defeated 
Johnston at Jackson, and, pushing in between him and 
Pemberton, defeated the latter in two battles, on the 16th 
and 17th. Grant then shut him up in Vicksburg. 

67. Surrender of Vicksburg. — The siege was long and 
wearisome. It ended on the 4th of July, when Pember- 
ton surrendered, with the garrison, numbering 30,000 men. 
Port Hudson, lower down the river, besieged by General 
Banks, immediately surrendered, July 8. The Mississippi 
was now open through its entire length. 

63. What advantage did Lee take of Hooker's defeat ? How was he met ? 
6L What is said of the battle, and of Lee ? What Avas the result ? 

65. How did Sherman begin the year ? What was Grant engaged in ? Describe 
his attempts, and his final plan. 

66. Why was Grant's task hard ? What is said of his successes ? 

07. How long did the siege last, and hnw did it end ? What other place fell? 



180 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

08. Rosecrans at Chickamauga. — Rosecrans did not 
move forward until the last of June, when he pressed 
Bragg out of Tennessee into Georgia. Bragg, being 
heavily re-enforced, turned on Rosecrans at Chickamau- 
ga, September 19, compelling him to retreat to Chatta- 
nooga. General Thomas, by his firmness, covered the re- 
treat, and saved the Union army from total ruin. Bragg 
closely besieged Rosecrans at Chattanooga. 

69. Bragg driven into Georgia. — Rosecrans was re- 
moved from his command, and all the armies of the West 
were placed under Grant. Hooker and Sherman ari-ived 
at Chattanooga with re-enforcements, and Grant ordered 
an advance. Lookout Mountain, across the river from 
Chattanooga, strongly fortified, was carried by storm, No- 
vember 24. Next day Missionary Ridge was occupied, 
and Brao'o' then retreated into Georoia. 

70. East Tennessee saved. — At Knoxville, in East Ten- 
nessee, Burnside was besieged and hard pressed by Long- 
street. On the 29th of November, Longstreet made a 
fierce assault on the Knoxville fortifications, and was re- 
pulsed with great slaughter. Sherman was sent by Grant 
to Burnside's assistance. On his approach, Longstreet 
retreated into Virginia, and the strong Union population 
of East Tennessee was never afterward disturbed. 

71. Confederate Raids. — A bold raid was made by John 
Morgan, with 3000 Confederate cavalry, through Ken- 
tucky into Lidiana and Ohio. He was finally run dow^n 
and captured at New Lisbon, Ohio, July 27, one month 
from the time he started from Tennessee. Quantrell, an- 
other freebooter, entered Lawrence, Kansas, plundered 
and burned the houses, and murdered 140 inhabitants in 
cold blood, August 21, 22. 

72. Movements against Charleston. — Charleston was 

GS. What occurred in Tennessee? Describe the battle of September 15. 
cn. What change was made in the command there, and why ? What successes 
followed? 

70. What was occurring iu East Tennessee ? How was Burnside saved ? 

71. Describe John Morgan's raid. Describe the raid into Kansas. 



CIVIL WAK — 1863. 187 

still an open port. In March the Government sent an ex- 
pedition, under Admiral Dupont,to that point ; but in try- 
ing to run past the forts, April 7, the iron-clads were bad- 
ly injured, and driven back. A fresh expedition of land 
troops, under General Gilmore, in Jul}- , landed on Morris 
Island and threw up batteries. The tiring was so severe 
that Fort Wagner, on the island, was evacuated by the 
Confederates, September 6. Fort Sumter was completely 
destroyed on the land side, and shells were thrown into 
Charleston. The harbor could now be so easily watched 
that no blockade-runner could get in or out. 

73. Union Successes in 1863. — The year had brought 
important results. The Mississippi was opened by the 
capture of Yicksburg and Port Hudson; Texas and the 
Red River country were sej^arated from the rest of the 
Confederacy ; Chattanooga was taken, and made a centre 
of operation ; Northern invasion was repelled at the bat- 
tle of Gettysburg ; West Tennessee was thorougldy held, 
and East Tennessee swept clean of Confederates ; Charles- 
ton Harbor was thoroughly closed, and the blockade was 
kept up with greater vigor. 

74. The North and the South. — The South, growing poor- 
er and poorer, suffered terribly, but her people endured 
every thing with wonderful determination. In the North 
also, the people bore the expense and suffering nobly, and 
men were freely furnished. Tliere was, however, one ex- 
ception. Dunng the absence of the militia at the time of 
Lee's invasion, the mob in New York resisted the draft. 
A riot took place, and a number of lives were lost before 
it was put down ; but the draft went on quietly after- 
ward. In the month of June, the western part of Vir- 
ginia, which had remained constant to the LTnion, was 
erected into a separate State, and called West Virginia. 

72, What was the success of the naval expeditiou to Charleston ? Describe 
Gillmore's movements. What was the result? 
. 73. State what was gained by the Union arms in 1863. 

74. What is said of the South? Of the North ? Of the draft at New York? 
What new State was formed ? Out of what ? 



188 



HISTORY OP THE UNITPID STATES. 




1864. 

15. Grant Commander-in-chief. — General Sherman, leav- 
ing Vicksburg, February 3, marched to Meridian, Missis- 
sippi, Avliere he destroyed 150 miles of railroad, 67 bridges, 
many locomotives, and a great amount of cotton and corn. 
In the beginning of March, Grant was appointed lieuten- 
ant-general, in command of all military operations, and 
went to Washington. Sherman was promoted to the com- 
mand of three great armies— the Ohio, the Cumberland, 
and the Tennessee. 

76. The Plan of Operations for the year 1864 was very 
simple. There remained only two large Confederate ar- 
mies, under Lee and Johnston. Sherman was to strike 
Jolinston, wlio lay between Chattanooga and Atlanta; 
while Grant at tlie same time conducted operations 
against Lee, who was covering Richmond. 

77. Sherman's Campaign— Atlanta.~Sherman left Chat- 
tanooga, May 7, with 100,000 men, on his march to Atlan- 
ta. This was a place of great importance to the Confed- 



75. What was Sherman's first movement in 1SG4? What chanties were made 
in the command of the armies? 
70. What was tlie plan for 1SG4? Describe this fully. 



CIVIL WAR — 1864. 189 

crates, and strongly fortified. Several railroads crossed 
there, and it had foundries for the making of cannon and 
shell. Johnston, who opposed Sherman, was constantly 
outflanked by that general ; and though bloody battles 
were fought at Resaca, Dalton, Lost Mountain, and Ken- 
esaw Mountain, by the 10th of July Johnston was com- 
pelled to retire within the defenses of Atlanta. 

78. Sherman enters Atlanta. — The Confederate Gov- 
ernment was dissatisfied with Johnston, and put another 
general, named Hood, in his place. He, however, had no 
better success ; for lie attacked Sherman thrice in July, 
and was each time defeated. Then he allowed the lat- 
ter to divide the Confederate army, and so lost Atlanta. 
Sherman entered the city September 2, and there recruit- 
ed his army. He had lost, in the short campaign, 30,000 
men. 

79. Hood's Army destroyed at Nashville. — Hood next 
tried to draw Sherman out of Georgia by moving into 
Tennessee. After following him some distance, Sherman 
sent word to General Thomas to watch Hood and protect 
Nashville. Thomas did this so well that Hood was first 
repulsed at Franklin, November 30, and on December 15 
was attacked in front of Nashville. After a battle of 
two days, he Avas utterly defeated, and with the wreck of 
his army fled into Alabama. 

80. Sherman's March to Savannah. — While Hood was 
moving against Nashville, Sherman, on November 14, 
commenced his march through Georgia to the sea. He 
cut his communications Avith the North, and determined 
to live on the country. He met with little resistance, 
and reached the neighborhood of Savannah in four weeks. 
On December 13 he stormed Fort M'Alister, Avhich com- 
manded the river, and on the 21st entered the city. "I 



77. What is said of Sherman's movemeuts? Why was Atlanta so important? 
What was in Sherman's way ? What battles occurred ? What was the result ? 

78. Who took Johnston's place ? What was his success ? What was the result ? 

79. State Hood's next plan. How far did he succeed with Sherman? What 
happened to Hood in Tennessee? 



190 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

send yon," he wrote to President Lincoln, " the capture 
of Savannah as a Clu'istmas present." 

81. Grant's Campaign against Lee. — Agreeably to the 
plan laid down, General Grant moved against Lee, and 
crossed the Rapidan on May 4, with 140,000 men. Gen- 
eral Meade had immediate command of the army, but 
Grant directed its movements. Sheridan commanded 
the cavalry. Lee attacked the Union army at Chancel- 
lorsville, in the Wilderness, May 5. Three days' terrible 
fighting followed, and Lee fell back behind heavy earth- 
Avorks at Spottsylvania Court-house. 

82. Lee holds his Ground. — Here the fighting Avas re- 
newed on the 9th, and continued for several days. Grant 
could make no impression, and, moving round by Lee's 
right flank, attacked him at Cold Harbor, June 1, but was 
repulsed. A second attack was made June 3, which last- 
ed half an hour, in which Grant lost 1000 men. From 
May 5 to June 13, he had lost 54,000 men. 

83. Grant moves to Petersburg. — Grant now changed 
his base to the James River, and, crossing it, June 15, 
tried to capture Petei'sburg, then a place of little impor- 
tance. In this he failed, after several assaults, in w^hich 
he lost 9000 men. The enemy kept on strengthening the 
place, until it became the key of Richmond, and the siege 
of Petersburg, with its long miles of intrenchments, began. 

84. Sheridan's Cavalry Movement— Butler. — When Grant 
entered tlie Wilderness, he sent Sheridan, with 10,000 cav- 
alry, to destroy the raih-oads running north from Rich- 
mond. Li this he was successful, and rejoined Grant at 
Petersburg, June 25. As a part of the general move- 
ment against Riclmiond, Butler, with the Army of the 
James, moved up to City Point. He was forced back by 

80. What is said of Sherman's next campaign ? How long was it ? Its success. 

81. When and where did Grant move? IIow was the army commanded? 
What battles followed? What is said of Lee's movements? 

S-2. What bloody battles followed ? What was the result ? 
8.^>. To what point did Grant move? What was his success here? What did 
this place become? 



CIVIL WAR— 1864. 191 

the Confederates, and so hemmed in that his force was 
for a time useless. 

85. The Shenandoah Valley. — On May 1, three days be- 
fore Grant crossed the Rapidan, General Sigel was sent 
up the Shenandoah Valley with 10,000 men, and was de- 
feated at Newmarket. Sigel was displaced by Hunter, 
who defeated the enemy at Piedmont, June 5. Hunter 
approached Lynchburg, whereupon Lee, becoming alarm- 
ed, sent a large force, and drove him northward. 

80. The Siege of Petersburg. — Grant's army settled 
down to the siege, building earth -works and batteries. 
A mine w^as run under the enemy's works, and exploded 
on the 30tb of July. An assault was then made by the 
Union troops, who were driven back, with the loss of 
5000 men. In August, Grant seized a part of the Wel- 
don Railroad; but through the remainder of the year 
there were no battles of importance. 

87. Third Invasion of the North. — When Hunter was 
driven north down the Shenandoah, Lee saw that Wash 
ington was left exposed in Grant's absence. He ordered 
General Early northward with 20,000 men. Early enter- 
ed Maryland, July 5, and, having defeated General Wal- 
lace at Monocacy River, went w^ithin gunshot of Balti- 
more and Washington. He afterward moved into Penn- 
sylvania, burned Chambersburg, and returned into the 
Shenandoah Valley with much plunder. 

88. Sheridan defeats Early. — Sheridan was sent into 
the valley, and defeated Early at Winchester, September 
19. Three days after, he again defeated him severely at 
Fisher's Hill. Sheridan, under orders, then laid waste the 
valley, and moved back. Early followed, and at Cedar 
Creek, October 19, attacked the Union army, which w^as 
forced back for some miles. Sheridan, who was absent 

84 Describe Sheridan's movements. What is said of General Butler ? 

85. What other operations were made to combine with Grant ? Describe them. 

86. How was Grant occupied at Petersburg? What occurred in July and Au- 
gust? 

87. Where did Lee direct his attention, and why ? What was Early's success ? 



192 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

during the first attack, returned, re-formed the troops, 
attaclved Eai-ly, and routed him with great loss. 

89. Minor Operations— Florida— Forrest's Raid. — General 
Seymour led an expedition from Port Royal to Florida. 
He was badly beaten at Olustee, February 20. The Con- 
federate Forrest made a raid into Tennessee in March, 
and captured Union City, but was repulsed at Paducah, 
Kentucky. The main feature of his raid was the cap- 
ture of Fort Pillow, April 12, where he murdered the 
negro garrison in cold blood after they had surrendered. 

90. Banks's Red River Expedition. — Early in March a 
combined expedition, led by General Banks and Admiral 
Porter, Avent up the Red River, Louisiana, to Shreveport ; 
but the troops were defeated at Sabine Cross Roads, and 
compelled to retreat. After a series of misfortunes, the 
army fell back to Alexandria. By the fall of the water 
in the river, the fleet was nearly lost, but was saved final- 
ly by Colonel Bailey, who built a dam and floated the 
vessels over the shallow part of the river. The expedi- 
tion then returned to the Mississippi. 

91. Naval Events. — Admiral Farragut was sent in July 
to force an entrance into Mobile Bay. Lashed to the 
shrouds of his own vessel, Farragut led the fleet past the 
forts, under a terrible fire. The iron-plated Confederate 
ram Tennessee was forced to surrender, and the forts were 
soon after given up to General Granger, in command of 
the land force : one more Confederate port was thus closed. 

92. Attack on Fort Fisher. — Wilmington, another South- 
ern ])ort, was defended by the strong works of Fort Fish- 
er. Admiral Porter and General Butler were sent against 
this in December. After bombarding it some time with- 
out efiect, the troops were landed near the fort, but But- 

88. How did Grant meet this movement? How many times, and where, did 
Sheridan defeat Early ? 

89. What is said of Seymour's expedition ? Describe the Confederate raid. 
What occurred at Fort Pillow ? 

90. What was Banks's expedition ? Describe the movements. From what 
catastrophe was the fleet saved ? 

91. What occurred in Mobile Bay ? What was the result of this ? 



CIVIL WAR — ^^1864. 193 

ler decided that it was too strong to be taken by assault, 
and the combined force thereupon withdrew. 

93. Confederate Cruisers. — Mention has already been 
made of the Confederate cruisers. Of these only seven 
were formidable, and five of them were built and manned 
in England ; but they were so successful that they drove 
American merchant ships from the ocean and ruined our 
commerce. The most active of all the cruisers was the 
Alabama, built at Liverpool, from which port she was al- 
lowed to escape in July, 1862. 

94. Destruction of the Alabama. — After a long cruise, 
during which she never entered a Confederate port, she 
was attacked by the United States steamer Kearsarge, 
Captain Winslow, off the harbor of Cherbourg, in France, 
and sunk, June 19, 1864. She had captured and burned, 
or bonded, sixty-one merchant vessels, and destroyed over 
$10,000,000 worth of property. By "bonded" is meant 
that the captain of the captured vessel was forced to sign 
a "bond" for a certain sum of money, payable when the 
Confederacy Avas declared independent. The vessel was 
then allowed to proceed on its voyage. 

95. What was gained in 1864. — Sherman pierced the 
Confederacy, first by his march to Atlanta, afterward by 
his famous march to the sea, ending in the capture of 
Savannah ; Thomas destroyed Hood's army at the battle 
of Nashville ; Sheridan swept the Confederates from the 
valley of the Shenandoah, and Grant shut up Lee behind 
the intrenchments of Petersburg ; the Confederate battle- 
ground was narrowed to the limits of North and South 
Carolina and a part of Virginia ; on the coast, Farragut 
forced an entrance into Mobile Bay ; and at sea, the Ala- 
bama, the scourge of American merchant vessels, was de- 
stroyed by the Kearsarge. 

92. What is said of Wilmington ? How did the expedition against it succeed ? 

93. What is said of the Confederate cruisers ? Of the Alabama ? 

94. What became of her at last? What injmy had she wrought? What is 
meant by "bonded ?" 

95. State what was pjained in 1S64. 

I 



194 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

r,/u iDPiCD Tip I C\_ 




1865. 

95. The Capture of Fort Fisher began the operations 
of the year 1865. General Terry, with a land force, was 
sent to that point with Admiral Porter and the fleet. 
After a heavy bombardment by the fleet, the troops as- 
saulted the works, and after some of the most terrible 
fighting in the war, the fort was taken, January 15. As 
a result of this, Wilmington, the last Confederate port, 
fell into the hands of the Union troops, February 22. 

96. Sherman's March North — Charleston evacuated. — 
Sherman rested his army a month at Savannah, and then 
commenced his march northward through South Caro- 
lina. He captured Columbia, and cut the railroad north 
of Charleston. That city was thereupon evacuated by 
the Confederate troops, who escaped into North Caro- 
lina, to join General Joseph E. Johnston. Sherman press- 
ed on through Fayetteville, North Carolina, and toward 
the end of March, after some severe fighting, reached 
Goldsboro', not far from Johnston's army. 

95. What was the first event of the year ? Describe it. To what did it lead ? 

96. What was Sherman's first movement ? What city fell at last as the resnlt of 
this? Describe the rest of his route. 



CIVIL WAR — 1865. 195 

97. Grant and Lee. — Grant bad been busy all winter 
tightening his hold on Lee in Richmond. In Febrnary 
he sent Sheridan witli the cavalry, to cut the canal and 
railroad east of that city. In this Sheridan was quite 
successful, and joined Grant again at Petersburg. Lee 
tried to break through the Union lines on March 25, but 
was driven back with severe loss. 

98. Grant's Attack— Lee's Surrender. — On April 1, Sher- 
idan drove Lee from his position at Five Forks. Then 
came Grant's order to attack along the whole line, and it 
was pierced in several places. On April 3, Petersburg 
was entered by the Union troops, and Richmond shortly 
afterward. Lee, closely pursued, fled westward, and, af- 
ter a series of disasters, surrendered his army to Grant at 
Appomattox Court-house, April 9. 

99. Close of the War. — As soon as General Johnston 
learned the news of Lee's surrender, he made proposals 
to Sherman. On the 26th, the terms of surrender were 
signed by both generals. By the end of May all the 
Confederate armies in the South-west had surrendered, 
and the War for the Union was at an end. 

100. Murder of President Lincoln. — Five days after the 
joyful news of Lee's surrender had been telegraphed over 
the North, President Lincoln, while sitting in the theatre 
at Washington, was shot by a Confederate assassin, and 
died next morning. Another assassin, at the same time, 
broke into the sick-chamber of Mr. Seward, Secretary of 
State, and wounded him severely. Lincoln's death pro- 
duced the most profound sorrow throughout the United 
States. He had been re-elected President in 1864, and 
had served little more than a month on his second term. 

97. How had Grant been busy? What important movement did Sheridan 
execute? 

98. What occurred on April 1 ? What immediately followed ? To what great 
event did these lead ? 

99. What military events followed Lee's surrender ? 

100. What occurred on the 14th of April ? What circumstance added to the 
sorrow that this occasioned? 



« 
196 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

ADMINISTRATION OF ANDREW JOHNSON — THE SEVEN- 
TEENTH PRESIDENT. 

1865-1869. 

101. Important Political Measures. — On the death of 
President Lincoln, Vice-president Johnson, of Tennessee, 
was immediately inaugurated President. One of the iirst 
subjects that engaged the attention of Government was the 
reconstruction of the Secession States. President Johnson, 
by proclamation in April, removed restrictions on com- 
merce in the South. In May he proclaimed amnesty to all 
engaged in secession, excepting certain specified ckisses. 
In December, the thirteenth amendment to the Constitu- 
tion, abolishing slavery, was declared to be adopted, hav- 
ing been ratified by two-tliirds of the States. 

102. Breach between the President and Congress. — When 
Congress assembled in December, 1865, it expressed great 
dissatisfaction with the President's course in respect to 
reconstruction of the Secession States. In March, 1867, 
Congress passed a reconstruction act over the President's 
veto, defining the terms on wdiich the Secession States 
might be re-admitted. Those States that refused to ac- 
cept of the terms were placed under military governors. 

103. The Quarrel increases. — Among other measures. 
Congress passed the Tenure of Office Bill. This was 
done to prevent the President removing from office, with- 
out their concurrence, any one appointed, without consent 
of the Senate. In August, 1867, the President suspended 
from office Mr. Stanton, Secretary of War, and appointed 
General Grant to perform the duties of the office. Con- 
gress, when it met in December, declared that the Presi- 
dent had no power to remove Mr. Stanton, and the latter 
entered again on his duties. 

101. Who now became President? What political questions came up for con- 
sideration ? 

102. What difficulty now sprang up ? Why ? What did Conj^ress do ? 

103. What bill did Congress pass? Why? How did the President test this, 
and how did it end? 



Johnson's administration — 1865-'69. 197 

104. The President impeached. — The contest came to a 
crisis in February, '68. The President removed Mr. Stan- 
ton, and nominated Gen. Thomas in his stead. The Senate 
notified Johnson that he had violated the Constitution in 
so doing, and the House of Representatives impeached the 
President. After a long and tedious trial befoi-e the Sen- 
ate, he was acquitted. A two-thirds vote was necessary 
to his conviction, and it wanted one vote of the number. 

105. The French in Mexico. — While the war was rag- 
ing, France joined the Aristocratic party in Mexico, and, 
with its army, succeeded in defeating the Liberals. Max- 
imilian, Arch-duke of Austria, was declared emperor, and 
the empire was supported by a French army. As soon as 
the War for the Union ended, the American Government 
demanded the recall of the French troops. When these 
were withdrawn, the Mexicans rose against Maximilian, 
defeated him, captured, and tlien shot him, June, 1867. 

106. The Atlantic Cable laid. — An event of great im- 
portance to both hemispheres was the final laying of the 
great Atlantic cable. This, after repeated failure, was 
achieved, July, 1866. It is 1800 miles in length, and runs 
from Valentia Bay, Ireland, to Trinity Bay, Newfoundland. 

107. Purchase of Russian America. — The territory of 
the United States was increased, October, 1867, by the 
purchase of Alaska from Russia for $7,000,000. It con- 
tains 5C 0,000 square miles, and is chiefly valuable for its 
fisheries and furs. 

108. Grant chosen President. — In the fall of 1868, Gen- 
eral U. S. Grant, of Illinois, the candidate of the Repub- 
lican party, was elected President over Horatio Seymour, 
of New York, the Democratic candidate. Schuyler Col- 
tax, of Indiana, was elected Vice-president. 

104. What occnrred iu February? Describe this fully. 

105. state what had taken place in Mexico. Why did the American Govern- 
ment not interfere earlier ? 

106. For what was the year 1S6G remarkable? 

107. What addition was made to United States territory in 186T? 
lOS. What IS said of the Presidential election? 



198- 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 




PART VI.— FROM 1869 ONWARD. 



ADMINISTRATION OF ULYSSES S. GEANT- 
PKESIDENT. 



-THE EIGHTEENTH 



1869-1872. 

1. Pacific Railroad built— The year 1869 was noted for 
the completion of tlie Pacific Railroad, connecting Cali- 
fornia with the Mississippi Valley. This remarkable en- 
terprise, 1776 miles in length, was finished in the short 
space of three years. It has already begun to exercise a 
powerful influence on the trade of the East. Goods from 
Japan and China are brought across the Pacific to San 
Francisco, and then over the Pacific Railroad. 

2. Fifteenth Amendment.— In March, 1870, the Fifteenth 
Amendment to the Constitution, ratified by the States, 
was declared to be adopted. It provided that " the right 
of the citizens of the United States to vote shall not be 
denied or abridged by the United States, or any State, on 
account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude." 

3. The Alabama Question. — The Alabama question, aris- 

1. For what was the year 1869 remarkable ? What is said of this great enterprise ? 

2. Describe the Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution. 



grant's administration — 1869-72. 199 

ing out of the destruction caused by Confederate cruis- 
ers, created much ill feeling between the United States 
and England. The American Government repeatedly de- 
manded satisfaction from England for the injuries that 
had been done by Confederate ships. At length, after 
much tedious negotiation, representatives from the two 
powers met at Washington, and arranged for the ap- 
pointment of arbitrators to decide the question of griev- 
ances. The persons chosen for this important business 
began their deliberations at Geneva, Switzerland, in De- 
cember, 1871. 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

1. What led to the attack on Fort Sumter? Describe it. 

2. What effect was produced on the North and South by the attack ? 

3. Name the Confederate States after June 20, 1861. 

4. How did Virginia show her act-ivity ? 

5. How was Washington, the capital, saved? 

(5. What officers first acquired celebrity in West Virginia, and at what points ? 
7. What led to the battle of Bull Run ? Describe this, and state results. 
S. What events occurred in Missouri, and what was the result ? 

9. State the plan of military operations in 18(51. 

10. Sketch the plan of military operations for the year 1SG2. 

11. How was the Mississippi opened to New Orleans? 

12. What progress was made in opening it from the North ? 

13. State the chief events on and near the Mississippi during 1862. 

14. What was the first Confederate line, and how was it broken ? 

15. What led to the battle of Shiloh, and what was the result? 

16. How was the second Confederate line broken ? 

17. Why was Rosecrans made commander of the Army of the Cumberland ? 

18. To what position was Grant elevated this year, and why? 

19. Give an account of the events near Fortress Monroe in March. 

20. What took place in the Shenandoah Valley early in the year? 

21. When and with what object did the Army of the Potomac advance? 

22. Describe its movements until the month of June. 

23. Who commanded the Confederates this year in Virginia? 

24. What finally prevented M'Clellan from moving on Richmond? 

25. Describe what followed. 

26. What use did Lee make of M'Clellan's defeat? 

27. What battle checked Lee's invasion ? Describe it. 

28. What change in the command of the Union Army followed? 

29. What was the result of Burnside's campaign ? 

30. What were the principal events on the Atlantic Coast? 

31. State in a general way what successes were gained during the year. 

32. With what great event did the year 1863 open ? 

3. What is said of the Alabama Question ? How was it finally brought into a 
train of settlement ? 



200 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

3D. What was the plau of operations for this year ? 

34. Who comraaiidecl the Array of the Potomac ? His success ? 

35. How did Lee attempt to profit by this, and who opposed him ? 

36. Why was the battle of Gettysburg so important? 

3T What great event occurred elsewhere the day after this battle? 
3S. Sketch Grant's movemeuts on the Mississippi and neighborhood. 

39. To what important results did the fall of Vicksburg lead? 

40. How was Rosecrans busy in the year 18G3, and with what success? 

41. How was the Union Array saved at Chattanooga? 

42. Describe the battles in that neighborhood, and their object. 

43. Give account of the state of affairs at Knoxville in November. 

44. What Confederate raids marked this year? 

45. Mention the operations near Charleston, and what was gained there. 
40, Give a general review of the results of the fighting in 1863. 

4T. What new State was admitted in 1863, and under what circumstances 

48. What Avas the plan of the campaign for 1864? 

49. With what success did Sherman begin the year ? 

50. What change was made in the command of the Union armies ? 

51. Against what point did Sherman move? 

52. When and with what resistance did he reach Atlanta ? 

53. What did its capture cost? 

54. How was Hood the Confederate disposed of? 

55. Describe Sherman's next great movement. 

56. When and where did Grant first move? 

57. How was Grant opposed, as shown by the battles and losses? 

58. To what line of defense did he force Lee ? 

59. State briefly the result of Grant's efforts before Petersburg in 1864. 

60. What befell Grant's co-operating force in Shenandoah Valley ? 

61. Who was finally selected by Grant to command there ? 

62. Describe the closing battle there in 1864. 

63. Sketch the principal events of the Red River expedition. 

64. What was the great naval event of the year ? 

65. What attempt was made on the North Carolina coast? 

66. State how much was gained by the Unionists during the year. 

67. W^here were Grant and Sherman at the close of 1864? 

68. What important result was achieved in January, 1865? 

69. Sketch the plan of operations during the year. 

70. Describe Sherman's movements and some of their results. 

71. How did Grant close the campaign in Virginia? 

72. When were Petersburg and Richmond occupied by the Unionists ? 

73. What became of Lee and his army ? 

74. Describe the lamentable event that immediately followed. 

75. When and to whom did Johnston surrender ? 

76. Who succeeded Lincoln ? 

77. What measures engaged the attention of Government ? 

78. What difliculties occurred between the President and Congress ? 

79. To what did these lead ? 

80. What was meanwhile occurring in Mexico ? 

81. What accession of territory was made during this administration ? 

82. Who succeeded Johnson ? 

83. What are the principal events of this administration ? 



GENERAL VIEW. 201 

GENERAL VIEW. 

1. Progress of the United States. — The events narrated 
after the adoption of the Constitution in 1789 were chief- 
ly political. They relate, for the most part, to change of 
rulers, questions of government, wars, treaties, and acqui- 
sitions of territory. There were other things not hereto- 
fore noticed which also exercised great influence on the 
progress of the country. 

2. The Introduction of Steamboats on the great rivers 
of the United States revolutionized the mode of travel. 
Robert Fulton, an American, was the first in this country 
to make the experiment of traveling by steamboat. In 
the year 1807 he went from New York to Albany, a dis- 
tance of 150 miles, in thirty-six liours; and the invention 
soon spread westward over the great inland rivers. This 
immensely assisted immigration into the Western terri- 
tories. 

8. Canals also exercised a powerful influence. Fore- 
most among these are : the Erie Canal, stretching from 
Albany to Buffalo, a distance of 363 miles, and connect- 
ing the lakes with the waters of the Hudson and the At- 
lantic j the Miami and Erie Canal, 317 miles long, and 
the Ohio and Erie Canal, 332 miles long, connecting Lake 
Erie with the waters of the Ohio and the Mississippi ; 
the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, 191 miles long, uniting 
the Chesapeake Bay and the Atlantic. The total length 
of canals in the United States is about 5000 miles. 

4. Railroads checked the development of canals, and the 
United States, more than any other nation, has been ben- 
efited by the locomotive and the iron road. A vast, un- 
peopled country, with a fertile soil and poor roads, need- 
ed rapid communication. In the year 1828 there were 
but three miles of railroad in operation in the United 

1. What is said of the history from 1789 onward ? 

2. State what is said of the introduction of the steamboat, and its benefits to 
the country. 

3. Mention some important canals, and the waters they coimect. 

I •_> 



202 HISTOKY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

States; in the year 1870 there were 53,399 miles. So 
rapidly did our country move in this, that in the year 
1856 it had three times more miles of railroad in opera- 
tion than all the rest of the world together. The Union 
Pacific Railroad in length surpasses all other achieve- 
ments of the kind. 

5. In Arts and Sciences we have still much to learn from 
the nations of Europe. There have been, and are, United 
States painters and sculptors, whose genius has been fully 
recognized in Europe ; but, as a people, we have been 
so busy filling and organizing new territory, in building- 
roads and developing the resources of the country, that 
the arts have been comparatively neglected. The same 
reasons have operated, to a great degree, against the cul- 
tivation of science. 

6. Poetry and Literature have, however, had some cel- 
ebrated names. With the poetry of Longfellow, Bryant, 
Whittier, Dana, nearly every pupil in our schools is fa- 
miliar; and in prose we have Irving, Cooper, Hawthorne, 
Emerson, Motlej^ Bancroft, Hildreth, and many others. 

7. General Education. — The Common School and the 
United States are almost synonymous terms. Free ed- 
ucation is one of the peculiar glories which Americans 
hold very precious. Still, there are some of the States 
that are greatly in advance of others ; but the day can 
not be far distant when every child throughout the far- 
thest territory will be taught to read and write. 

8. The Newspaper Press has gone hand in hand with 
free education. It has not been fettered in the United 
States with any stamp-tax, such as was long imposed on 
newspapers in England. Wherever a printing-press, and 
types and paper, can be obtained in our broad land, there 
is no hindrance to starting a newspaper. The Press has 
greatly contributed to the material prosperity, as well 

4. What is said of the railroad system of the United States ? 

5. Why have arts and sciences been comparatively neglected ? 
0. HovF is it with ret;ard to poetry and literature ? 

7. What is said of the common school ? 



GENERAL VIEW. 203 

as to the liberties of the people. Our immense natural 
advantages would be of comparatively little importance 
Avithout a free press and free education. 

9. Mineral Resources. — Our mines of metallic ores and 
of coal are wonderful in extent, and are being developed 
with extraordinary rapidity. They have added enor- 
mously to the wealth of the country. Rich as the Pa- 
ciiic States are in gold and silver, the beds of coal and 
iron of the Middle and Southern States are still more 
valuable. 

10. The Products of the Soil are also an increasing source 
of wealth. We hear much of cotton and its value, of the 
sugar and the rice of the South ; but the vast surplus 
wheat crop of the West finds its way to Europe. The 
hay crop alone of the North is more valuable in money 
than the cotton crop of the South. There are yet mill- 
ions of acres in the Far West unbroken by the plough, 
waiting for the strong arms of freemen who are to occu- 
py them and make them fruitful. 

11. The Increase of States and Territories deserves par- 
ticularly to be noticed, together Avith the increase of 
population. From three millions at the beginning of the 
Revolution, the United States have increased to forty mill- 
ions in a period of not yet a hundred years. Our terri- 
tory has expanded still more rapidly than our population. 
In 1776 the thirteen United States occupied little more 
than a strip of territory on the Atlantic coast, with claims 
to the country as far west as the Mississippi. Out of 
this extensive tract were formed : the North-west Terri- 
tory, lying north of the Ohio and east of the Mississippi, 
1787; the territory of the South-west, between the Ohio 
and Florida, also east of the Mississippi. The additions 
made to the territory of the United States were : 

S. What is said of the newspaper press ? 

9. State what is said of the mineral resources. 

10. What of the products of the soil. 

11. What idea is given of the growth of population and increase of territory ? 
What acquisitions of territory are mentioned ? 



204 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

1. The vast Territory of Louisiana, embracing New 
Orleans, and lying west of the Mississippi, north of 
New Mexico, stretching north-west to the Pacific, was 
purchased from France in 1803 ; 

2. Florida, purchased from Spain in 1819 ; 

3. Annexation of the Republic of Texas, 1845 ; 

4. The Territory obtained partly by treaty and pur- 
chase from Mexico after the Mexican War, in 1848, ex- 
tending from the Rio Grande westerly to the Pacific 
south of Louisiana; 

5. The Territory purchased from Mexico in 1853, 
known as the Gadsden Purchase, embracing what is 
now Arizona ; 

6. The Territory of Alaska, purchased from Russia, 
in 1867. 

The table on page 205 will show at one view the dif- 
ferent States and Territories formed from the above. 

12. Concluding Remarks. — When we see the vast extent 
of country covered by the United States and her terri- 
tories, the different climates through which these extend, 
the variety of their products, the richness of their mines, 
the size and length of the navigable rivers and lakes ; and 
when we consider that all these are under the freest Gov- 
ernment in the world, no future can be painted too grand 
for the destinies of our country. With union, liberty, and 
public virtue, she will continue to challenge the respect 
of the world. 



ORGANIZATION OF STATES AND TERRITORIES. 205 



STATES ADMITTED AND TERRITORIES ORGANIZED SINCE 1787. 



States or Terkitokies. 



When ad- 
mitted or 
organized. 


Extent in 
sq. miles. 


1791 


10,000 


1820 


35,000 


1863 


23,000 


1802 


40,000 


1816 


34,000 


1818 


55,000 


1837 


56,000 


1848 


54,000 


1792 


38,000 


1796 


46,000 


1817 


47,000 


1819 


51,000 


1812 


41,000 


1821 


67,000 


1836 


52,000 


1846 


55,000 


1858 


83,500 


1859 


95,000 


1861 


81,000 


1867 


76,000 


1853 


70,000 


1861 


140,000 


1861 


141,000 


1863 


91,000 


1863 


144,000 


1868 


71,000 


Unorganized 


122,000 


1845 


59,000 


1846 


237,000 


1848 


124,000 


1849 


88,000 


1850 


159,000 


1864 


112,000 


1863 


130,800 


Unorganized 


550,000 



From what taken, and 
. when organized. 



I. From other States : 

Vermont 

Maine 

"West Virginia 

II. From N.W. Territory, ceded to 

the United States in 1787: 

Ohio 

Indiana 

Illinois 

Michigan 

Wisconsin 

III. From, S. W. Territory, ceded to 
the United States : 

Kentucky 

Tennessee 

Mississippi 

Alabama 

IV. From Louisiana, purchased in 

1803: 

Louisiana 

Missouri 

Arkansas 

Iowa . 

Minnesota 

Oregon 

Kansas 

Nebraska 

Washington Territory 

Colorado Territory 

Dakotah Territory 

Idaho Territory 

Montana Territory 

Wyoming Territory 

Indian Territory 

V. From Florida, purchased 1819 : 
Florida 

VI. By annexation, 1845 : 

Texas 

VII. From territory acquired from 
Mexico in 1848 : 

New Mexico Territory 

Utah Territory 

California 

Nevada 

VIII. From the Gadsden Purchase, 
1853: 

Arizona Territory 

IX. From the Russian Purchase, 
1867 : 

Alaska 



New York. 

Massachusetts. 

Virginia. 



North-west Ter. 
Indiana T. 1800. 
Illinois T. 1809. 
Michigan T. 1805. 
Wisconsin T. 1836. 



Kentucky Co., Va. 

Mississippi T. 1800, 
Alabama T. 1817. 



N. Orleans T. 1803. 
Missouri T. 1803. 
Arkansas T. 1819. 
Iowa T. 1838. 
Minnesota T. 1849. 
Oregon T. 1848. 
Kansas T. 1854. 
Nebraska T. 1854. 

Partly from VII. 
Minnesota T. 



Dakotah T. 

Florida T. 1819, 
Independ. Republic. 



Utah T. 

California T. 1848. 
Nevada T. 1861. 



206 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



SETTLEMENT AND ADMISSION OF THE STATES. 



Virginia 

New York 

Massachusetts ... 
New Hampshire. 

Connecticut 

Maryland 

Rhode Island 

Delaware 

North Carolina.., 

New Jersey 

South Carolina.., 
Pennsylvania...., 

Georgia..., 

Vermont , 

Kentucky , 

Tennessee 

Ohio 

Louisiana , 

Indiana , 

Mississippi 

Illinois 

Alabama 

Maine 

Missouri 

Arkansas 

Michigan 

Florida 

Texas 

Iowa 

Wisconsin 

CalifoiTiia 

Minnesota 

Oregon 

Kansas 

West Virginia..., 

Nevada 

Nebraska 



When. 

1607 
1614 
1620 
1623 
1363 
1634 
1636 
1638 
1650 
1664 
1670 
1682 
1733 
1724 
1775 
1757 
1788 
1699 
1730 
1716 
1720 
1711 
1625 
1764 
1685 
1670 
1565 
1692 
1833 
1669 
1769 
1846 
1811 



Where. 



Jamestown 

New York 

Plymouth 

Little Harbor.... 

Windsor 

St. Mary's 

Providence 

Wilmington 

Chowan River . . 

Elizabeth 

Ashley River..,. 

Philadelphia 

Savannah 

Fort Dummer... 

Boonesboro' 

Fort Loudon .... 

Marietta 

Iberville 

Vincennes 

Natchez 

Kaskaskia 

Mobile 

Bristol 

St. Louis 

Arkansas Post.. 

Detroit 

St. Augustine.... 
S. A. De Bexar. 

Burlington 

Green Bay 

San Diego 

St. Paul 

Astoria 



Carson City. 



By whom. 



English .... 

Dutch 

English 

Enghsh.... 
English.... 
English.... 
English.... 
Swedes .... 

English 

Dutch 

English 

English 

English.... 
English..,. 
English .... 
English.... 
English .... 

French 

French 

French 

French 

French 

French 

French 

French 

French 

Spaniards ., 
Spaniards . , 
English.... 

French 

Spaniards . , 
Americans . 
Americans , 
Americans . 



Americans, 



ADMITTED. 



1776 



1791 
1792 
1796 
1802 
1812 
1816 
1817 
1818 
1819 
1820 
1821 
1836 
1837 
1845 

1846 
1848 
1850 
1858 
1859 
1861 
1863 
1864 
1867 



PRESIDENTS AND VICE-PRESIDENTS, 



2-07 



a a 



o tc 



CO J >^ i^ to .i^ ll ll » , • 

^g O O 0~ OQO O-T^.S 



S bJC ^ ^ > 

"" oj a 0) 









■^ ^ c 









S 3 a; <u 






pq 



-^c: J. g a 



OQ a;Q 



<D (P 



•?: s ff t- 









bJC js 

c = 






CO C5 O 
t- t- GO 






Ci l— »C Ci t^ i-i • ui C5 _• CO t- T-i ic Ci 

00 0000 00 QOOO^OOOOiScOOO 00 0000 
r-> rHr-i rH ,-lT-l00rH,-l=O^_H ^ ^Hr-I 



„'* 



"* ^ 



iCi '^ 



p uj^ p pc^:p;pp^p« 0:720 



c3 x: 



ex c 

O . ei Jo 5 O =3 -5 

'gc 'S) i g & .2 'Sc' g '5 ^ s c § 



>g> >>-gH;2 



c3 



o 
o T^ 






^ ^ 



5<^ 



C 



o — 

t^ ^- O C3 
O O O 



S S s .s 



C3 O 



C3 ca u ^ 
»-5 1-5^ <I 



•S .S ^- S 5 5 -^ S 



^ CO 



<P 



tH C<J CO 



»OCD t^ OOCJOtHiMCOMHIC O t^QO 



DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 



A DECLARATION BY THE REPRESENTATIVES OF THE UNITED STATES OF 
AMERICA, IN CONGRESS ASSEMBLED, JULY 4, 1776. 

When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one 
])eople to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with 
another, and to assume, among the powers of the earth, the separate and 
equal station to which the laws of nature and of nature's God entitle 
them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they 
should declare the causes which impel them to the separation. 

We hold these truths to be self-evident — that all men are created 
equal ; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable 
rights ; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness ; 
that, to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, de- 
riving their just powers from the consent of the governed ; that, when- 
ever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the 
i%ht of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute a new govern- 
ment, laying its foundation on such principles, and organizing its powers 
in such form, as to tliem shall seem most likely to affect their safety and 
happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that governments long estab- 
lished should not be changed for light and transient causes ; and, accord- 
ingly, all experience hath shown that mankind are more disposed to suf- 
fei'j^hile evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the 
forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses 
and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same object, evinces a design 
to reduce them under abstilute despotism, it is their right, it is their duty 
to throw off such government, and to ])rovide new guards for their future 
security. Such has been the patient sufferance of these colonies, and 
such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former sys- 
tems of government. The history of the present king of Great Britain is 
a history of repeated injuries and .usurpations, all having, in direct object, 
the establishment of an absolute tyranny over these states. To prove 
this, let facts be submitted to a candid world : 

He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and necessary 
for the public good. 

He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of immediate and pressing 
importance, unless suspended in their operation till his assent should be ob- 
tained ; and, when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them. 

He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of large dis- 
tricts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of repre- 
sentation in the Legislature — a right inestimable to them, and formidable 
to tyrants only. 

He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfort- 
able, and distant from the depository of their public records, for the sole 
purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures. 

He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly for opposing with 
manly firmness his invasions on the rights of the people. 

He has refused, for a long time after such dissolutions, to cause others 



210 HISTORY OF THK UNITED STATES, 

to be elected, whereby the legislative powers, incapable of annihilation, 
have returned to the people at large tor their exercise ; the state }eniain- 
ing, in the mean time, exposed to all the danger of invasion from with- 
out and convulsions within. 

He has endeavored to prevent the population of these states ; for that 
purpose obstructing the laws for natui-alization of foreigners, refusing to 
pass others to encourage their migration hither, and raising the conditions 
of new appropriations of lands. 

He has obstructed the administration of justice by refusing his assent 
to laws for establishing judiciary powers. 

He has made judges dependent on his will alone for the tenure of their 
offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries. 

He has ei-ected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither swarms of 
officers to harass our people and eat out their substance. 

He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing armies without the 
consent of our Legislature, 

He has affected to render the military independent of and superior to 
the civil power. 

He has comljined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to 
our Constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws, giving his assent to 
their acts of pretended legislation : 

For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us : 

For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punishment for any mur- 
ders which they should commit on the inhabitants of these states : 

For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world : 

For imposing taxes on us without our consent : 

For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of trial by jury : 

For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pretended offenses : 

For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neighboring prov- 
ince, establishing therein an arbitrary government, and enlarging its 
boundaries, so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for 
introducing the same absolute rule into these colonies : 

For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable laws, and 
altering fundamentally the powers of our go\ernments : 

For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves invest- 
ed with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever. 

He has abdicated government here by declaring us out of his protec- 
tion, and waging war against us. 

He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our towns, and 
destroyed the lives of our people. 

He is, at this time, transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries to 
complete the works of death, desolation, and tyranny, already begun, with 
circumstances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most bar- 
barous ages, and totally unworthy the head of a civilized nation. 

He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive on the high seas, 
to bear arms against their country, to become the executioners of their 
friends and brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands. 

He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavored 
to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers the merciless Indian savages, 
whose known ride of warfare is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, 
sexes, and conditions. 



THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 



211 



In every stage of these oppressions, we have petitioned for redress in 
the most humble terms ; our repeated petitions have been answered only 
by repeated injury. A prince whose character is thus marked by every 
act which may define a tyrant is unfit to be the ruler of a free people. 

Nor have we been wanting in attention to our British brethren. We 
have warned them, from time to time, of attempts made by their Legis- 
lature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have re- 
minded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. 
We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have 
conjured them, by the ties of our common kindred, to disavow these usur- 
pations, which would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspond- 
ence. They, too, have been tleaf-to the voice of justice and consanguini- 
ty, . We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity which denounces our 
separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind — enemies in 
war, in peace friends. . 

We, therefore, the representatives of the United States of America, in 
General Congress assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world 
for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the name and by the authority 
of the good people of these colonies, solemnly publish and declare that 
these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent 
states ; that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British crown, 
and that all political coimection between them and the state of Great 
Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved ; and that, as free and inde- 
pendent states, they have full power to levy war, conclude peace, contract 
alliances, establish commerce, and to do all other acts and things which 
independent states may of right do. And for the support of this declara- 
tion, with a firm reliance on the protection of Divine Providence, we mu- 
tually pledge to each other our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor. 

The foregoing declaration was, by order of Congress, engrossed, and 
signed by the following members : John Hancock. 



New Hampshire. — Josiah Bart- 
lett, William Whipple, Matthew 
Thornton. 

Massachusetts Bay . — Samuel Ad- 
ams, John Adams, Robert Treat 
Paine, Elbridge Gerry. 

Rhode Island. — Stephen Hopkins, 
William Ellery. 

Connecticut. — Roger Sherman, 
Samuel Huntington, William Wil- 
liams, Oliver Wolcott. 

New York.— WiWisim Floyd, Phil- 
ip Livingston, Francis Lewis, Lewis 
Morris. 

New Jersey. — Richard Stock- 
ton, John Witherspoon, Francis 
Hopkinson, John Hart, Abraham 
Clark. 

Pennsylvania. — Robert Morris, 
Benjamin Rush, Benjamin Franklin, 



John Morton, George Clymer, James 
Smith, George Taylor, James Wil- 
son, George Ross. 

Delaware. — Ca3sar Rodney, 
George Read, Thomas M'Kean, 

Maryland. — Samuel Chase, Wil- 
liam Paca, Thomas Stone, Charles 
Carroll, of Carrollton. 

Virginia. — George Wythe, Rich- 
ard Henry Lee, Thomas Jefferson, 
Benjamin Harrison, Thomas Nelson, 
Jr., Francis Lightfoot Lee, Carter 
Braxton. 

North Carolina. — William Hoop- 
er, Joseph Hewes, John Penn. 

South Carolina. — Edward Rut- 
ledge, Thomas Heyward, Jr., Thom- 
as Lynch, Jr., Arthur Middleton. 

Georgia. — Button Gwinnett, Ly- 
man Hall, George Walton. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



Preamble. 
We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect 
union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the com- 
mon defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of lib- 
erty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitu- 
tion for the United States of America. 

ARTICLE I. Legislativk Depaetment. 
Section I. Congress in General. 
All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of 
the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Eepre- 
sentatives. 

Section II. House of Representatives. 

Clause 1. The House of Representatives shall be composed of mem- 
bers chosen every second year by tlie people of the several states ; and 
the electors in each state shall have the qualifications requisite for elect- 
ors of the most numerous branch of the State Legislature. 

Clause 2. No person shall be a representative who shall not have at- 
tained to the age of twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen of 
the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of 
that state in which he shall be chosen. 

Clause 3. Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among 
the several states which may be included within this Union, according 
to their respective numbers, which shall be determmed by adding to the 
whole number of free persons, including those bound to service for a term 
of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other per- 
sons. The actual enumeration shall be made within three years after 
the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, and wiUiin every 
subsequent term of ten years, in such mani.er as they shall by law direct. 
The number of representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thou- 
sand, but each state shall have at least one representative ; and until 
such enumeration shall be made, the state of New Hampshire shall be 
entitled to choose three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode Island and Provi- 
dence Plantations one, Connecticut five. New York six. New Jersey four, 
Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North 
Carolina five. South Carolina five, and Georgia three. 

Clause 4. When vacancies happen in the representation from any 
state, the executive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill 
such vacancies. 

Clause 5. The House of Representatives shall choose their speaker and 
other officers, and shall liave the sole power of impeachment. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 213 

Section III. Senate. 

Clause 1. The Senate of the United Sta^tes shall be composed of two 
senators from each state, chosen by the Legislature thereof for six years, 
and each senator shall have one vote. 

Clause 2. Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence 
of the first election, they shall be divided, as equally as may be, into three 
classes. The seats of the senators of the first class shall be vacated at 
the expiration of the second year, of the second class at the expiration 
of the fourth year, and of the third class at the expiration of the sixth 
year, so that one third may be chosen every second year; and if vacan- 
cies happen, by resignation or otherwise, during the recess of the Legis- 
lature of any state, the executive thereof may make temporary appoint- 
ments until the next meeting of the Legislature, which shall then fill such 
vacancies. 

Clause 3. No person shall be a senator who shall not have attained to 
the age of thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United States, 
and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that state for which 
he shall be chosen. 

Clause 4. The Vice-president of the United States shall be President 
of the Senate, but shall have no vote, unless they be equally divided. 

Clause 5. The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a pres- 
ident pro tempore, in the absence of the Vice-president, or when he shall 
exei'cise the oifice of President of the United States. 

Clause 6. The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeach- 
ments. When sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirma- 
tion. When the President of the United States is tried, the chief jus- 
tice shall preside ; and no person shall be convicted without the concur- 
rence of two thirds of the members present. 

Clause 7. Judgment in case of impeachment shall not extend farther 
than to removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any 
office of honor, trust, or profit under the United States ; but the party 
convicted sliall, nevertheless, be liable and subject to indictment, trial, 
judgment, and punishment according to law. 

Section IV. Both Houses. 

Clause 1. The times, places, and manner of holding elections for sen- 
ators and representatives shall be prescribed in each state by tlie Legisla- 
ture thereof; but the Congress may at any time, by law, make or alter 
such regulations, except as to the place of choosing senators. 

Clause 2. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and 
such meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall 
by law appoint a different day. 

Section V. The Houses separately. 

Clause 1. Each house shall be the judge of the elections, returns, and 
qualifications of its own members, and a majority of each shall constitute 
a quorum to do business ; but a smaller number may adjourn from day 
to day, and may be authorized to compel the attendance of absent mem- 
bers, in such manne!' and under such penalties as each house may provide. 

Clause 2. Each house may determine the rules of its proceedings, pim- 



214 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.' 

ish its members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two 
thirds, expel a member. 

Clause 8. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from 
time to time publish the same, excepting such parts as may in their judg- 
ment require secrecy ; and the yeas and nays of the members of either 
house, on any question, sliall, at the desire of one fifth of those present, 
be entered on the journal. 

Clause 4. Neither house during the session of Congress shall, without 
the consent of tbe other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any 
other place than that in which the two houses shall be sitting. 

Section VI. Disabilities of Members. 

Clause 1. The senators and representatives shall receive a compensa- 
tion for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the treas- 
ury of the United States. They shall in all cases, except treason, felony, 
and breach of the peace, be privileged from ai-rest during their attendance 
at the session of their respective houses, and in going to or returning from 
the same ; and for any speech or debate in either house, they shall not 
be questioned in any other place. 

Clause 2. No senator or representative shall, during the time for which 
he was elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the 
United States, which shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof 
shall have been increased, during such time ; and no person holding any 
office under the United States shall be a member of either house during 
his continuance in office. 

Section VII. Mode of passing Laws. 

Clause 1. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of 
Representatives ; but the Senate may propose or concur with amend- 
ments, as on other bills. 

Clause 2. Every bill which shall have passed the House of Represent- 
atives and the Senate shall, before it become a law, be presented to the 
President of the United States ; if he approve, he shall sign it ; but if 
not, he shall return it, with his objections, to that house in which it shall 
have originated, who shall enter the objections at large on their journal, 
and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such reconsideration, two thirds 
of that house shall agree to pass the bill, it sliall be sent, together with 
the objections, to the other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsid- 
ered, and if approved by two thirds of that house, it shall become a law. 
But in all such cases the votes of both houses shall be determined by yeas 
and nays, and the names of the persons voting for and against the bill 
shall be entered on the journal of each house respectively. If any bill 
shall not be returned by the President within ten days (Sundays except- 
ed) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law in 
like manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by their adjourn- 
ment prevent its return, in Avhich case it shall not be a law. 

Clause 3. Every order, resolution, or vote to which the concurrence of 
the Senate and House of Kejjresentatives may be necessary (except on a 
question of adjournment), shall be presented to the President of the 
United States; and before the same shall take effect, shall be approved 
by him, or, being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two thirds of 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 215 

the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the rules and lim- 
itations prescribed in the case of a bill. 

Section VIII. Poivers granted to Congress. 

The Congress shall have power — 

Clause 1. To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises, to pay 
the debts and provide for the common defense and general welfare of the 
United States ; but all duties, imposts, and excises shall be uniform 
throughout the United States ; 

Clause 2. To borrow money on the credit of the United States; 

Clause 3. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the 
several states, and with the Indian tribes ; 

Clause 4. To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform 
laws on the subject of bankruptcies, throughout the United States ; 

Clause 5. To coin money, regulate the value thereof and of foreign 
coin, and fix the standard of weights and measures ; 

Clause G. To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securi- 
ties and current coin of the United States ; 

Clause 7. To establish post-offices and post-roads ; 

Clause 8. To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by se- 
curing for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to 
their respective writings and discoveries; 

Clause 9. To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court; 

Clause 10. To define and ptmish felonies committed on the high seas, 
and offenses against the law of nations ; 

Clause 11. To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and 
make rules concerning captures on land and water ; 

Clause 12. To raise and support armies ; but no appropriation of mon- 
ey to that use shall be for a longer term than two years ; 

Clause 13. To provide and maintain a navy; 

Clause 14. To make rules for the government and regulation of the 
land and naval forces ; 

Clause 15. To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws 
of the Union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions; 

Clause 16. To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the 
militia, and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the 
service of the United States, reserving to the states respectively the ap- 
pointment of the officers and the authority of training the militia accord- 
ing to the discipline prescribed by Congress ; 

Clause 17. To exercise exclusive legislation, in all cases whatsoever, 
over such district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of 
particular states and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of gov- 
ernment of the United States, and to exercise like authority over all places 
purchased, by the consent of the Legislature of the state in which the 
same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dock-yards, 
and other needful buildings ; and. 

Clause 18. To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for 
carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested 
by this Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any 
department or officer thereof 



216 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Section IX. Powers denied to the United States. 

Clause 1. The migration or importation of such persons as any of the 
states now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by 
the Congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight; 
but a tax or duty may be imposed on such importation, not exceeding 
ten dollars for each person. 

Clause 2. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be sus- 
pended unless when, in case of rebellion or invasion, the public safety 
may require it. 

Clause 3. No bill of attainder, or ex-post-facto law, shall be passed. 

Clause 4. No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in pro- 
portion to the census or enumeration herein before directed to be taken. 

Clause 5. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any 
state. 

Clause 6. No preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce 
or revenue to the ports of one state over those of another ; nor shall ves- 
sels bound to or from one state be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties 
in another. 

Clause 7. No money shall be drawn from the treasury but in conse- 
quence of appropriations made by law ; and a regular statement and ac- 
count of the receipts and expenditures of all public money shall be pub- 
lished from time to time. 

Clause 8. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States ; 
and no person holding any office of profit or trust under them shall, with- 
out the consent of the Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office, 
or title of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign state. 

Section X. Powers denied to the States. 

Clause 1. No state shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confedera- 
tion ; grant letters of marque and reprisal ; coin money ; emit bills of 
credit ; make any thing but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of 
debts ; pass any bill of attainder, ex-post-facto law, or law impairing the 
obligation of contracts ; or grant any title of nobility. 

Clause 2. No state shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any 
im])osts or duties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely 
necessary for executing its inspection laws : and the net produce of all 
duties and imposts laid by any state on imports or exports shall be for the 
use of the treasury of the United States ; and all such laws shall be sub- 
ject to the revision and control of the Congress. 

Clause 3. No state shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty 
of tonnage, keep troops or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any 
agreement or compact M'ith another state or with a foreign power, or en- 
gage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will 
not admit of delays. 

ARTICLE II. Executive Department. 
Section I. President and Vice-president. 
Clause 1. The executive power shall be vested in a President of the 
I'^nited States of America. He shall hold his office during the term of 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 217 

four years, and, together with the yice-president, chosen for the same 
term, be elected as follows : 

Clause 2. Each state shall appoint, in such manner as the Legislature 
thereof may direct, a number of electors, equal to the whole number of 
senators and representatives to which the state may be entitled in the 
Congress ; but no senator or representative, or person holding an office 
of trust or profit under the United States, shall be appointed an elector. 

[^Clause 3. The electors shall meet in their respective states, and vote 
by ballot for two persons, of wliom one at least shall not be an inhabit- 
ant of the same state with themselves. And they shall make a list of all 
the persons voted for, and of the number of votes for each ; which list 
they shall sign and certify, and transmit, sealed, to the seat of the govern- 
ment of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The 
President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of 
Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be count- 
ed. The person having the greatest number of votes shall be the Presi- 
dent, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors ap- 
pointed ; and if there be more than one who have such majority, and 
have an equal number of votes, then tlie House of Representatives shall 
immediately choose by ballot one of them for President ; and if no person 
have a majority, then, from the five highest on the list, the said House 
shall in like manner choose the President. But in choosing the Presi- 
dent, the votes shall be taken by states, the representation from each state 
having one vote , a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or 
members from two thirds of the states, and a majority of all tlie states 
shall be necessary to a choice. In every case, after the choice of the 
President, the person having the greatest number of votes of the electors 
shall be the Vice-president, But if there should remain two or more 
who have equal votes, the Senate shall choose from them by ballot the 
Vice-president.*] 

Clause 4. The Congress may determine the time of choosing the elect- 
ors, and the day on which they shall give their votes, which day shall be 
the same throughout the United States, 

Clause 5. No person except a natural-born citizen, or a citizen of the 
United States at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be 
eligible to the office of President ; neither shall any person be eligible to 
that office who sliall not have attained to the age of thirty-five years, and 
been fourteen years a resident within the United States, 

Clause 6, In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his 
death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the 
said office, the same shall devolve on the Vice-president ; and the Con- 
gress may b}^ law provide for the case of removal, death, resignation, or 
inability, both of the President and Vice-president, declaring what officer 
shall then act as President ; and such officer shall act accordingly, until 
the disability be removed or a President shall be elected. 

Clause 7. The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services a 
compensation, which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the 
period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within 
that period any other emolument frotai the United States, or any of them, 

* Altered by the 12th Amendment. See page 223. 

K 



218 HISTOEY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Clmise 8. Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take 
the following oath or affirmation : 

"I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the of- 
fice of President of the United States, and will, to the best of my ability, 
preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States. " 

Section II. Powers of the President. 

Clause 1. The President shall be commander-in-chief of the army and 
navy of the United States and of the militia of the several states, when 
called into the actual service of the United States ; he may require the 
opinion in writing of the principal officer in each of the executive depart- 
ments, upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices; 
and he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offenses 
against the United States, except in cases of impeachment. 

Clause 2. He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of 
the Senate, to make treaties, provided two thirds of the senators present 
concur ; and he shall nominate, and by and with the advice and consent 
of the Senate shall appoint ambassadors, other public ministers and con- 
suls, judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officers of the United 
States, Avhose appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and 
which shall be established by law ; but the Congress may by law vest the 
appointment of such inferior officers as they think proper in the Presi- 
dent alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of departments. 

Clause 3. The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies that 
may happen during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions, 
which shall expire at the end of their next session. 

Section III. Duties of the President. 

He shall, from time to time, give to the Congress information of the 
state of the Union, and recommend to their consideration such measures as 
he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may, on extraordinary occa- 
sions, convene both houses, or either of them ; and in case of disagreement 
between them, with respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn 
them to such time as he shall think proper ; he shall receive ambassadors 
and other public ministers ; he shall take care that the laws be faithfully 
executed, and shall commission all the officers of the United States. 

Section IV. Impeachment of the President. 

The President, Vice-president, and all civil officers of the United States, 
shall be removed from office on impeachment for and conviction of trea- 
son, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. 

ARTICLE III. Jtjdioial Department. 
Section I. United States Courts. 
The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one Supreme 
Court, and in such inferior courts as Congress may from time to time or- 
dain and establish. The judges, both of the supreme and inferior courts, 
shall hold their offices during good behavior ; and shall, at stated times, 
receive for their services a compensation, which shall not be diminished 
during their continuance in office. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 219 

Section II. Jurisdiction of the United States Courts. 

Clause 1. The judicial power shall extend to all cases in law and equi- 
ty arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, and 
treaties made, or which shall be made, under their authority ; to all cases 
affecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls ; to all cases 
of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction ; to controversies to which the 
United States shall be a party ; to controversies between two or more 
states ; between a state and citizens of another state ; between citizens 
of different states ; between citizens of the same state claiming lands un- 
der grants of different states ; and between a state, or the citizens there- 
of, and foreign states, citizens, or subjects.* 

Clause 2. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers 
and consuls, and those in which a state shall be party, the Supreme Court 
shall have original jurisdiction. In all the other cases before mentioned, 
the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and 
fact, with such exceptions, and under such regulations as the Congress 
shall make. 

Clause 3. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall 
be by jury ; and such trial shall be held in the state where the said crimes 
shall have been committed ; but when not committed within any state, 
the trial shall be at such place or places as the Congress may by law 
have directed. 

Section III. Treason. 

Clause 1. Treason against the United States shall consist only in levy- 
ing war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid 
and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the tes- 
timony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open 
court. 

Clause 2. The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of 
treason ; but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or 
forfeiture, except during the life of the person attainted. 

ARTICLE IV. 

Section I. State Records. 

Full faith and credit shall be given in each state to the public acts, rec- 
ords, and judicial proceedings of every other state. And the Congress 
may, by general laws, prescribe the manner in which such acts, records, 
and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof. 

Section II. Privileges of Citizens, etc. 

Clause 1. The citizens of each state shall be entitled to all privileges 
and immunities of citizens in the several states. 

Clause 2. A person charged in any state with treason, felony, or other 
crime, who shall flee from justice and be found in another state, shall, on 
demand of the executive authority of the state from which he fled, be de- 
livered up, to be removed to the state having jurisdiction of the crime. 

Altered by the 11th Ameuclment. See page 223. 



220 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Clause 3. No person held to service or labor in one state, under the 
laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or 
regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but shall be 
delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be 
due. 

Section III. New States and Territories. 

Clause 1. New states may be admitted by the Congress into this Union; 
but no new state shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any 
other state ; nor any state be formed by the junction of two or more states, 
or parts of states, without the consent of the Legislatures of the states con- 
cerned, as well as of the Congress. 

Clause 2. The Congress shall have power to dispose of, and make all 
needful rules and regulations respecting the territory or other property 
belonging to the United States ; and nothing in this Constitution shall be 
so construed as to prejudice any claims of the United States or of any 
particular state. 

Section IV. Guarantee to the States. 

The United States shall guarantee to every state in this Union a repub- 
lican form of government, and shall protect each of them against invasion ; 
and, on application of the Legislature, or of the executive (when the Leg- 
islature can not be convened), against domestic violence. 

ARTICLE V, Power of Amendment. 

The Congress, whenever two thirds of both houses shall deem it neces- 
sary, shall propose amendments to this Constitution, or, on the applica- 
tion of the Legislatures of two thirds of the several states, shall call a con- 
vention for proposing amendments, which, in either case, shall be valid to 
all intents and purposes, as part of this Constitution, when ratified by the 
Legislatures of three fourths of the several states, or by conventions in 
three fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification may be 
pi'oposed by Congress ; provided, that no amendment which may be made 
prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eiglit shall in any man- 
ner aifect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first Ar- 
ticle; and that no state, Avithout its consent, shall be deprived of its 
equal suffrage in the Senate. 

ARTICLE VI. Public Debt, Supremaoy of the Constitution, Oath of Of- 
fice, Religious Test. 

Clause 1. All debts contracted and engagements entered into before 
the adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United 
States mider this Constitution as under the Confederation. 

Clause 2. This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which 
shall be made in pursuance thereof, and all treaties made, or which shall 
be made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme 
law of tlie land; and the judges in every state shall be bound thereby, 
any thing in the Constitution or laws of any state to the contrary not- 
withstanding. 

Clause 3. The senators and representatives before mentioned, and the 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



221 



members of the several state Legislatures, and all executive and judicial 
officers, botli of the United States and of the several states, shall be bound 
by oath or affirmation to support this Constitution ; but no religious test 
shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under 
the United States. 

ARTICLE VII. Ratification of the Constitution. 

The ratification of the Conventions of nine states shall be sufficient for 
the establishment of this Constitution between the states so ratifying the 



Done in Convention, by the unanimous consent of the states present, the 
seventeenth day of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand 
seven hundred and eighty-seven, and of the Independence of the United 
States of America the twelfth. In witness whereof, we have hereunto 
subscribed our names. 

George Washington, President and Deputy from Virginia. 



New Hampshire. — John Lang- 
don, Nichohis Oilman, 

Massachusetts. — Nathaniel Gor- 
ham, Rufus King. 

Connecticut. — Wm. Samuel John- 
son, Roger Sherman. 

New York. — Alexander Hamil- 
ton. 

New Jersey. — William Living- 
ston, William Patterson, David 
Brearley, Jonathan Dayton. 

Pennsylvania. — Benjamin Frank- 
lin, Robert Morris, Thomas Fitzsim- 
ons, James Wilson, Thomas Mifflin, 
George Clymer, Jared IngersoU, 
Gouverneur Morris. 

Attest, 



Delaivare. — George Read, John 
Dickinson, Jacob Broom, Gunning 
Bedford, Jr., Richard Bassett. 

Maryland. — James M 'Henry, 
Daniel Carroll, Daniel of St. Tho. 
Jenifer. 

Virginia. — John Blair, Jas. Mad- 
ison, Jr. 

North Carolina William Blount, 

Hugh Williamson, Richard Dobbs 
Spaight. 

South Carolina. — John Rutledge, 
Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, Pierce 
Butler. 

Georgia. — William Few, Abra- 
ham Baldwin. 

William Jackson, Secretary. 



AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION. 

Article I. Freedom of Religion, etc. 

Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or 

prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, 

or of the press ; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to 

petition the government for a redress of grievances. 

Article II. Right to hear Arms. 
A well-regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free state, 
the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed. 



222 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Article III. Quartering Soldiers on Citizens. 
No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house without 
the consent of the owner ; nor in time of war, but m a manner to be pre- 
scribed by law. 

Article IV. Search Warrants. 
The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, 
and eifects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be vio- 
lated ; and no warrants shall issue but upon probable cause, supported by 
oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, 
and the persons or things to be seized. 

Article V. Trial for Crime, etc. 
No person shall be held to answer for a capital or otherwise infamous 
crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in 
cases ai'ising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia when in active 
service in time of war or public danger ; nor shall any person be subject 
for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb ; nor shall 
be compelled, in any criminal case, to be a witness against himself; nor 
be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law ; nor 
shall private property be taken for public use without just compensation. 

Article VI. Rights of accused Persons. 
In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a 
speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the state and district 
wherein the crime shall have been committed, whicli district shall have 
been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and 
cause of the accusation ; to be confronted with the witnesses against him ; 
to have comi)ulsor3^ process for obtaining witnesses in his favor ; and to 
have the assistance of counsel for his defense. 

Article VII. Suits at Common Law. 
In suits at common law, Avhere the value in controversy shall exceed 
twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved ; and no fact 
tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United 
States than according to the rules of the common law. 

Article VIII. Excessive Bail. 

Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor 
cruel and unusual punishment inflicted. 

Article IX. 
The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights shall not be con- 
strued to deny or disparage others retained by the people. 

Article X. 
The powers not granted to the United States by the Constitution, nor 
l)roliibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively or to 
the people. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 223 



Article XI. 

The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend 
to any suit in law or equity commenced or prosecuted against one of the 
United States by citizens of another state, or by citizens or subjects of any 
foreign state. 

Article XII. Mode of choosing the President and Vice-president. 

Clause 1. The electors shall meet in their respective states, and vote 
by ballot for President and Vice-president, one of whom, at least, shall 
not bean inhabitant of the same state with themselves; they shall name 
in their ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct ballots 
the person voted for as Vice-president ; and they shall make distinct lists 
of all persons voted for as President, and of all persons voted for as Vice- 
president, and of the luimber of votes for each, which list they shall sign 
and certify, and transmit, sealed, to the seat of government of the United 
States, directed to the President of the Senate ; the President of the Sen- 
ate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, 
open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted ; the person 
having the greatest number of votes for President shall be the President, 
if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed ; 
and if no person have such majority, then from the persons having the 
highest numbers, not exceeding three, on the list of those voted for as 
President, the House of Representatives shall choose immediately by bal- 
lot the President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall be 
taken by states, the representation from each state having one vote ; a 
quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two 
thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to 
a choice. And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a Presi- 
dent, whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the 
fourth day of March next following, then the Vice-president shall act 
as President, as in the case of the death or other constitutional disability 
of the President. 

Ckmse 2. The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice- 
president shall be the Vice-president, if such number be a majority of 
the whole number of electors appointed, and if no person have a majori- 
ty, then from the two highest numbers on the list the Senate shall choose 
the Vice-president; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two thirds 
of the whole number of senators, and a majority of the whole number 
shall be necessary to a choice. 

Clause 3. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of 
President shall be eligible to that of Vice-president of the United States. 

Article XIII. 

Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a 
punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, 
shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdic- 
tion. 

Section 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by ap- 
propriate legislation. 



224 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



Article XIV. 

Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and 
subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and 
of the state wherein they reside. No state shall make or enforce any 
law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the 
United States ; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or 
])roperty, without due process of law, nor deny to any person within its 
jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. 

Section 2. Kepresentatives shall be apportioned among the several 
states according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number 
of persons in each state, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right 
to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice- 
president of the United States, repi-esentatives in Congress, the executive 
and judicial officers of a state, or the members of the Legislature thereof, 
is denied to any of the male members of such state, being twenty-one years 
of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except 
for participation in rebellion or other crime, the basis of representation 
therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male 
citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years 
of age in such state. 

Section 3. No person shall be a senator or repres-cntative in Congress, 
or elector of President and Vice-president, or hold any office, civil or 
military, under the United States, or under any state, who, having previ- 
ously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the 
United States, or as a member of any State Legislature, or as an execu- 
tive or judicial officer of any state, to support the Constitution of the 
United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the 
same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may, 
by a vote of two thirds of each house, remove such disabihty. 

Section 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States, au- 
thorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and 
bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be 
questioned. But neither the United States nor any state shall assume or 
pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion 
against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of 
any slave ; but all such debts, obligations, and claims shall be held illegal 
and void. 

Section 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce by appropriate 
legislation the provisions of this article. 

Article XV. 

Section 1 . The right of the citizens of the United States to vote shall 
not be denied or abridged by the United States or any state on account 
of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. 

Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce by appropriate 
legislation the provisions of this article. 



1492. 
1497. 
1498. 



1499. 
1510. 
1512. 
1513. 
1517. 
1518. 
1521. 
1524. 
1528. 
1534. 
1541. 
1564. 
1565. 
1579. 
1582. 
1584. 
1585. 
1587. 
1602. 
1605. 
1606. 
1607. 
1608. 
1609. 



1610. 
1612. 
1614. 
1615. 
1620. 



1621. 
1622. 
1623. 
1629. 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 



Columbus discovered America. 

The Cabots discovered Newfoundland. 

Columbus discovered South America. 

The Cabots discovered the Atlantic coast. 

Vasco de Gama discovered the Cape of Good Hope. 

Amerigo Vespucci visited America. 

Ojeda settled Darien, on the Isthmus. 

Juan Ponce de Leon discovered Florida. 

Nunez de Balboa discovered the Pacific. 

Cordova discovered Yucatan. 

Grijalva explored tlie coast of Mexico. 

Conquest of Mexico by Cortez. 

Verazzani explores the coast of North America. 

Pamphilo de Narvaez's expedition to Florida. 

Cartier explores the Gulf and River St. Lawrence. 

De Soto's expedition — discovers the Mississip})i River. 

Huguenots settle in Florida. 

Melendez founds St. Augustine. 

Sir Francis Drake enters the Bay of San Francisco. 

Don Antonio de Espego founds Santa Fe. 

Amidas and Barlow sent out by Raleigh. 

> Unsuccessful attempts to settle Roanoke Island. 

Gosnold discovers Cape Cod. 
Port Royal, Nova Scotia, settled by De Monts. 
Grants to the London and Plymouth Companies. 
Jamestown settled by the London Company. 
Quebec settled by Champlain. 
Henry Hudson discovers the Hudson River. 
Champlain discovers Lake Champlain. 
Second Charter granted to Virginia. 
Starving-time in Virginia. 
Third Charter granted to Virginia. 
John Smith explores the coast of New England. 
Cultivation of tobacco commenced in Virginia. 
Slavery introduced by the Dutch at Jamestown. 
The " Great Patent" granted to the Virginia Company. 
The Puritans settled at Plymouth. 
Cotton began to be cultivated. 
First Indian massacre at Jamestown. 
New Hampshire settled at Dover and Little Harbor. 
Charter granted to the Massachusetts Bay Colony. 
K 2 



226 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 



1030. [Boston settled. 

IC.Iil'. Marvland granted to Lord Baltimore. 

JNlaryland settled at St. Mary's. 

Connecticut settled at Hartford, Windsor, and Wethersfield. 

Roger Williams banished from Massachusetts. 

Providence settled. 

Pequod War in Connecticut. 

Harvard College founded. 

New Haven Colony founded. 

Union of the New England Colonies. 

Second Indian massacre in Virginia. 

Charter granted to Rhode Island. 

Navigation Act passed. 

Charter granted to Connecticut. 

New Jersey settled at Elizabethtown. 

New York captured by the English. 

North Carolina settled on the Chowan River. 

The French settle St. Mary, north of Lake Huron. 

South Carolina settled on the Ashley River. 

Charles 11. grants Virginia to Culpepper and Arlington. 

Marquette and Joliet discover the Mississippi at the mouth of the 
Arkansas River. 

King Philip's War. 

Bacon's Rebellion in Virginia. 

Charleston founded. 

Pennsylvania settled by William Penn. 

Delaware granted to Penn by the Duke of York. 

La Salle sails down the Mississippi to the Gulf, naming the coun- 
try Louisiana. 

King William's War. 

Schenectady burned. 

Witchcraft delusion in Salem, Massachusetts. 

King William's War ended by the Treaty of Ryswick. 

Detroit founded by the French. 



Mm. 

1635. 

1G36. 
1637. 
1638. 

1643. 
1644. 

(( 

1660. 
16(;2. 
1664. 



1668. 
1670. 
1673. 



1675 
1676 
1680 
1682 



1680. 
1690. 
1692. 
1697. 
1701. 



1702. Queen Anne's War begun. 

1710. Port Royal captured from the French, and named Annapolis, 

1713. The Treaty of Utrecht ends Queen Anne's War. 

1732. Washington born in Westmoreland County, Virginia. 

1 733, Georgia settled at Savannah. 
1741. "Negro Plot "in New York. 

1744. King George's War begim. 

1745. Louisburg captured from the French. 
1748. Treaty of Aix-la-Chai)elle — end of King George's War. 
175;>. Fort at Presque Isle built by the French. 
1753.jWaslHngton's mission to St. Pierre October 31. 

1754. Convention at Albany to form a plan of union June. 

Skirmish at Great Meadows May 28. 

Fort Necessity captured by the French July 4. 

Fort du Quesne built by the French 

1755. Braddock arrives from England as commander-in 
chief February, 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 



22*7 



1755. 



1756. 

u 

1757. 
1758. 



1759. 



1760. 

(( 

1763. 
1765. 

a 

1766. 
1767. 

1768. 

1770. 

(( 

1773. 
1774. 

1775. 



1776, 



Conquest of Acadia by the English June. 

The French defeated near Lake George Sept. 8. 

Braddock's defeat July 9. 

Great Britain declares war against France May 17. 

Oswego captured by the French August 14. 

Fort William Henry captured by the French August 9. 

Abercrombie's defeat at Ticonderoga July 8. 

Louisburg captured by Amherst July 27. 

Fort Frontenac captured by the English August 27. 

Fort du Quesne captured by the English Nov. 25. 

Ticonderoga and Crown Point captured by the En- 
glish July & Aug. 

Battle of Montmorenci July 31. 

Battle of Quebec Sept. 13. 

Surrender of Quebec Sept. 18. 

Attempt to retake Quebec by the French April 28. 

Montreal surrendered to the English Sept. 8. 

Treaty of Paris ends the French and Indian War .... February 10. 

Stamp Act passed March 8. 

First Colonial Congress at New York October 7. 

Stamp Act repealed 'March 18. 

New tax bill passed June 29. 

British troops arrive at Boston j October 1. 

Boston massacre March 5. 

Repeal of duties excepting tea j May. - 

Tea destroyed in Boston Harbor Dec. 16. 

Boston Port Bill" passed March 31. 

The second Colonial Congress met at Philadelphia... Sept. 5. 

Battle of Lexington JApril 19. 

Battle of Bunker Hill June 17. 

May 10. 

May 12. 

June 15. 



Ticonderoga captured by Ethan Allen 

Crown Point captured by Colonel Warner 

George Washington appointed commander-in-chief.. 

Montreal ca]3tured by Montgomery Nov. 13. 

Attack on Quebec— Montgomery killed jDec. 31. 

Norfolk, Virginia, burned by Lord Dunmore 'January 1. 



British evacuate Boston. 

Attack on Fort Moultrie 

Declaration of Independence. 

Battle of Long Island 

New York evacuated. 



1777. 



March 17. 

June 28. 

July 4. 

August 27." 

Sept. 14. 

Battle of White Plains 'October 28. 

Fort Washington captured Nov. 16. 

Fort Lee occupied by the British Nov. 20. 

Washington's retreat through New Jersey 

Battle of Trenton 

Commissioners sent to France 

Battle of Princeton 

Tryon's expedition to Connecticut 

Sag Harbor, Long Island, captured by Colonel MeigsjMay 23. 
Ticonderoga captured by the British jjuly 5. 



Nov., Dec. 
Dec. 25. 
Dec. 30. 
January 3. 
April. 



228 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 



1781. 

17.SL, 



178r. 



Battle of Hubbardton, Vermont July 7. 

Fort Edward abandoned July 29. 

Battle of Oriskany, near Fort Schuyler August 6, 

Battle of Bennington August 16. 

A British fleet arrives in Chesapeake Bay August 25. 

Battle of Brandywine , Sept. 11. 

Battle of Saratoga, "Bemis's Heights" Sept. 19. 

Philadelphia captured by the British Sept. 26. 

Battle of Germantown October 4. 

Forts Clinton and Montgomery captured October 6. 

Battle of Saratoga, "Stillwater" October 7. 

Surrender of Burgoyne October 17. 

The British evacuate Philadelphia June 18. 

Battle of Monmouth June 28. 

Massacre of Wyoming July 3. 

Battle of Quaker Hill, Rhode Island August 29. 

The British capture Savannah, Georgia Dec. 29. 

Sunbury, Georgia, captured by the British January 9. 

Battle of Kettle Creek Feb. 14. 

Battle of Brier Creek March 3. 

Capture of Stony Point by General Wayne July 15. 

Battle of Chemung, '' Newtown " — Sullivan's expedi- 
tion October 9. 

Paul Jones's victory August 29. 

Attack on Savannah — the Americans repulsed Sept. 23. 

Siege of Charleston begun April, May. 

Battle of Monk's Corner April 14, 

Charleston surrendered to the English ^May 12. 

Battle of Waxhaw Creek iMay 29. 

Battle of Springfield, New Jersey 'june 23. 

Second French fleet arrives at Newport 'j"ly 10. 

" ' ' " " August 6. 

August 16. 

August 18. 

September. 

October 7. 

January 1. 

Jan. & Feb. 

January 5. 
January 17. 
January 20. 
March 15. 
April 25. 
Sept. 6. 
Sept. 8. 
October 19. 
April. 
Nov. 30. 
Sept. 3. 
Nov. 25. 



Battle of Hanging Rock 

Battle of Sanders's Creek — first battle of Camden. ... 

Battle of Fishing Creek 

Arnold's treason 

Battle of King's Mountain 

Mutiny of the Pennsylvania line 

Greene's famous retreat 

Articles of Confederation ratified 

Public buildings burned in Richmond by Arnold 

Battle of the Cowpens 

Mutiny of the New Jersey troops 

Battle' of Guilford Court-house 

Battle of Hobkirk's Hill— second battle of Camden... 

New London burned by Arnold 

jBattle of Eutaw Springs 

Surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown 

Cessation of hostilities 

Preliminary treaty of peace at Paris 

Definitive treaty of peace at Paris 

iEvacuation of New York by the British 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 



229 



1783. 
1786. 
1787. 
1788. 
1789. 

a 

1790. 



1791, 

u 

1792, 

ii 

1793, 

1794, 

1795, 
1796, 
1797. 
1798. 

a 

1799. 
1800. 

1801. 

(( 

1802. 

1803. 

(( 

1804. 
1805. 
1806. 
1807. 



1809. 



1811, 



1812. 



Washington resigns his commission Dec. 23. 

Breaking out of [Shay's rebellion 

The Constitution adopted by the Convention 

The Constitution adopted by eleven States 

First Congress meets at New York 

Washington inaugurated President 

Secretary Hamilton proposes his plan for the payment 

of the national debt 

General Harmar defeated by the Indians 

Vermont admitted into the Union Feb. 18. 

St. Clair defeated by the Indians November 4. 

Kentucky admitted into the Union June 1. 



Sept. 17. 

March 4. 
April 30. 

Januaiy. 
Oct. 17, 22. 



May 11. 



Discovery of the Columbia River by Captain Gray. . 

Invention of the cotton-gin , 

Difficulties with the French ambassador Genet., 

Battle of the Maumee August 20. 

Whisky insurrection in Pennsylvania. 

Jay's treaty ratified June. 

Tennessee admitted into the Union June. 

John Adams inaugurated March 4. 

Trouble with France 

Washington commander-in-chief. July. 

Washington died at Mount Vernon Dec. 14. 

The capital removed to Wasiiington 

Treaty of peace with France Sept. 30. 

Thomas Jefferson inaugurated President March 4. 

War declared against Tri])oli June. 

Ohio admitted into the Union November. 



Purchase of Louisiana from the French 

Commodore Preble sent against Tripoli 

Lieutenant Decatur destroys the frigate Philadelphia 

Hamilton killed by Burr in a duel 

Derne captured by General Eaton 

Treaty of peace with Tripoli 

Blockade of the French coast declared by the British 

Blockade of the British Islands declared by Napoleon 

The Chesapeake fired into by the Leopard 

British "Orders in Council" prohibiting trade with 
France and her allies 

Napoleon's "Milan Decree" prohibiting trade with 
England and her colonies 

Embargo on American ships 

Fulton's first steamboat, the Clermont, on the Hud- 
son 

Embargo Act repealed 

Commerce with Great Britain and France prohibited 

James Madison inaugurated 

Engagement between the United States frigate Presi- 
dent and the Little Belt 

Battle of Tippecanoe 

President Madison declares war against England 



April 30. 

February 3. 
Julv 11. 
April 27. 
June. 
May. 

November. 
June 22. 

Nov. 11. 

Dec. 17. 
Dec. 22. 

Sept. 14. 
March 1. 
March 1. 
March 4. 

May 16. 

Nov. 7. 
June 19, 



230 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 



1819. 
1820. 



1821. 
182-t. 



Louisiana admitted into the Union 

General Hull invades Canada 

Surrender of Mackinaw 

Surrender of Detroit 

Battle of Queenstown 

Naval: The Constitution captures the Guerriere.. 

The sloop-of-war Wasp captures the brig Frolic. 

The frigate United States captures the Macedonian 

The Constitution captures the Java 

Battle of Frenchtown 

Capture of Yorlc (now Toronto), Canada 

Siege of Fort Meigs 

Attack on Sackett's Harbor 

Battle of Sandusky 

Perry's victory on Lake Erie 

Battle of the Thames 

Battle of Chrysler's Farm 

The Hornet captures the Peacock 

The Chesapeake captured by the Shannon 

The Argus captured by the Pelican 

The Enterprise captures the Boxer 

The Creek War ended — battle of Horse-shoe Bend. 

Fort Erie caJDtured by the Americans 

Battle of Lundy's Lane 

Battle of Fort Erie 

Battle of Bladensburg 

City of Washington captured by the British 

Battle of Plattsburg 

Battle of Lake Champlain 

Battle of North Point 

Bombardment of Fort M 'Henry 

Battle of Lake Borgne 

Hartford Convention 

Battle near New Orleans 

Treaty of peace 

Battle of New Orleans 

Naval : The frigate President ca])tured 

The Essex captured by two British vessels 

War with Algiers 

Treaty of peace with Algiers 

Indiana admitted into the Union 

James Monroe inaugurated 

Mississippi admitted into the Union 

Pensacola, Florida, captured by General Jackson... 

Illinois admitted into the Union 

Alabama admitted into the Union 

Missouri Compromise Act passed 

Maine admitted into the Union 

Florida purchased of Spain 

Missouri admitted into the Union 

Visit of Lafayette to the United States 



April 14. 
July 12. 
July 17. 
August 16. 
October 13. 
August 19. 
October 18. 
October 25. 
Dec. 29. 
January 22. 
April 27. 
May 1. 
May 29. 
August 2. 
Sept. 10. 
October 5. 
Nov. 11. 
Feb. 24. 
June 1. 
August 14. 
Sept. 5. 
March 27. 
July 3. 
July 25. 
August 15. 
August 24. 
August 24. 
Sept. 11. 
Sept. 11. 
Sept. 12. 
Sept. 13. 
Dec. 14. 
Dec. 14. 
Dec. 23. 
Dec. 24. 
January 8. 
Januaiy 15. 
March 28. 
March. 
June. 
Dec. 11. 
March 4. 
Dec. 10. 
May 24. 
Dec. 3. 
Dec. 14. 
March 3. 
March 15. 
October. 
August 10. 
August 15. 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 



2ai 



1825. 
1826. 
1829. 
1832. 
1835. 
1836. 
1837. 



1841. 



1843. 
1845. 



1846. 



John Quincy Adams inaugurated March 4. 

Ex-Presidents Adams and Jefferson died July 4. 

Andrew Jackson inaugurated March 4. 

Black Hawk War 

Seminole War begun — Dade's massacre by Seminoles Dec. 28. 
Arkansas admitted into the Union June 15. 



1847, 



1848, 



1849, 
1850, 



1853. 
1854. 

1857. 
1858. 
1859. 
1860. 



1861. 



Michigan admitted into the Union 

Martin Van Buren inaugurated 

Battle of Okechobee 

William H. Harrison inaugurated 

President Harrison died 

John Tyler inaugurated 

The "Dorr RebeUion" in Rhode Island 

Resolution of Congress annexing Texas 

Acts of Congress admitting Florida and Iowa... 

James K. Polk inaugurated 

The northwestern boundary fixed at 49° 

General Taylor ordered to the Rio Grande 

Captain Thornton's party captured by Mexicans 

Battle of Palo Alto 

Battle of Resaca de la Palma 

Congress declared war against Mexico 

Matamoras captured 

Monterey captured 

Battle of Bracito 

Battle of Buena Vista 

Capture of Vera Cruz 

Battle of Cerro Gordo 

Battle of Contreras 

Capture of Molino del Rey 

Capture of Chapultepec , 

Mexico surrendered , 

Treaty of peace with Mexico , 

Gold discovered in Califomia 

Wisconsin admitted into the Union 

General Taylor inaugurated 

General Taylor died 

Millard Fillmore inaugurated 

California admitted into the Union 

Franklin Pierce inaugurated , 

Commodore Perry's treaty with Japan 

James Buchanan inaugurated 

Minnesota admitted into the Union 

Oregon admitted into the Union 

South Carolina seceded from the Union 

Steamer Star of the West fired into by the Secession- 
ists at Charleston 

Kansas admitted as a State 

A Southern Confederacy formed by South Carolina, 
Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and 
Florida, at Montgomery, Alabama 



Jan. 26. 
March 4. 
Dec. 25. 
March 4. 
April 4. 
April 6. 

March 1. 
March 3. 
March 4. 

Jan. 13. 
April 26. 
May 8. 
May 9. 
May 11. 
May 18. 
Sept. 24. 
Dec. 25. 
Feb. 23. 
March 27. 
April 18. 
August 20. 
Sept. 8. 
Sept. 13. 
Sept. 14. 
Feb. 2. 
February. 
May 29. 
March 4. 
July 9. 
July 10. 
Sept. 9. 
March 4. 
March. 
March 4. 
May 11. 
February. 
Dec. 20.' 



January 9. 
January 29. 



February 4. 



232 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 



1861. 



1862, 



Jefferson Davis elected provisional president of the 
Confederacy 

Abraham Lincoln inaugurated President of the 
United States 

Attack on Fort Sumter 

Virginia joins the Confederacy 

Harper's Ferry Arsenal captured by Virginia militia. 

Massachusetts troops attacked in Baltimore 

Norfolk Navy-yard abandoned 

Battle at Ph'ilippi, Virginia 

Union troops repulsed at Big Bethel, Virginia 

Battle of Booneville, Missouri 

Battle of Carthage, Missouri 

Battle of Rich Mountain, Virginia 

Battle at Carricksford, Virginia 

Confederate capital changed to Richmond 

First battle of Bull Run, Virginia 

Battle of Wilson's Creek, Missouri 

Capture of forts at Hatteras Inlet, North Carolina ... 

Battle at Carnifex Landing, Gauley River, Virginia.. 

Confederate repulse at Cheat Mountain, Virginia 

Capture of Lexington, Missouri 

Union disaster at Ball's Blufi\, Virginia 

Battle at Belmont, Missouri 

Capture of Port Royal, South Carolina 

Seizure of Mason and Slidell on buard the Trent 

Engagement at the Big Sandy River, Kentucky 

Confederates beaten at Mill Spring, Kentucky 

Capture of Fort Henry, Tennessee 

Capture of Roanoke Island, North Carolina 

Fort Donelson, Tennessee, captured 

Union expedition against Florida and Georgia dis- 
patched 

Battle of Pea Ridge, Arkansas 

The Ram Virginia sinks the Cumberland and Congress 

Engagement between the Monitor and Virginia 

Capture of Newbern, North Carolina 

Battle at Winchester, Virginia 

Battle of Shiloh, Pittsburg Landing, Tennessee 

Captui-e of Island No. 10, Mississippi River 

Capture of Fort Pulaski, Georgia 

Farragnt passes Forts Jackson and St. PhiHp, Missis 
sippi River 

Capture of New Orleans 

Capture of Fort Macon and Beaufort, South Caro- 
lina 

Surrender of Forts Jackson and St, Philip 

Yorktown, Virginia, taken 

Battle of Williamsburg, Virginia 

Norfolk, Virginia, occupied by Union troops 

Banks's retreat down the Shenandoah Valley... 



February 8. 



13. 



March 4. 
April 12, 
April 17. 
April 18. 
April 19. 
April 21. 
June 3. 
June 10. 
June 17. 
July 5. 
July 11. 
July 14. 
July 20. 
July 21. 
August 10. 
August 29. 
Sept. 10. 
Sept. 14. 
Sept. 20. 
October 21. 
November 7. 
November 7. 
November 8. 
January 9. 
Januaiy 19. 
February 6. 
February 8. 
February 16. 

February 28. 
March 7, 8. 
March 8. 
March 9. 
March 14. 
March 23. 
April 6, 7. 
April 7. 
April 11. 

April 24. 
April 25. 



April 25. 
April 28. 
May 4. 

[ Mav 5. 

I May 10. 

;May, 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 



233 



1862. 



1863. 



1861 



Battle at Front Royal, Virginia 

Corinth, Mississippi, taken 

Battle of Fair Oaks, or Seven Pines < 

Lee assumes command of the Confederates in Vir- 
ginia 

Capture of Fort Pillow, Tennessee 

Naval battle, and surrender of Memphis, Tennessee, . 

Seven days' battles from the Chickahominy to the ( 
James ( 

President Lincoln calls for 300,000 troops 

Battle of Cedar Mountain, Virginia 

Pope's battles in defense of Washington < 

Battle of Richmond, Kentucky 

Invasion of Maryland by Lee 

Battle of South Mountain, Maryland 

Capture of Harper's Ferry by Jackson 

Battle of Antietam, Maryland 

Battle of luka, Mississippi 

Battle of Corinth, Mississippi 

Battle of Perry ville, Kentucky 

Battle of Fredericksburg, Virginia 

Battle of Chickasaw Bayou, Vicksburg, Mississippi... 

Battle of Murfreesboro', Tennessee — first day 

Emancipation Proclamation by President Lincoln — 

Battle of Murfreesboro' — second day 

Arkansas Post captured by Union troops 

Attack on Fort Sumter repulsed 

Battle of Port Gibson, Mississippi 

Battle of Chancellorsville, Virginia 

Confederates defeated at Jackson, Mississippi 

Battle of Champion Hill, Mississippi 

Battle of Big Black River, Mississippi 

General Grant besieges Vicksburg 

Lee's second invasion of Maryland 

West Virginia admitted as a State 

The Confederate Morgan starts on his raid 

Battle of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania 

Surrender of Vicksburg, Mississippi 

Port Hudson surrendered 

Draft riots in New York City 

Morgan captured near New Lisbon, Ohio 

Lawrence, Kansas, burned by Quantrell 

Fort Wagner evacuated by the Confederates 

Battle of Chickamauga, Georgia 

Battle of Lookout Momitain, Georgia 

Battle of Missionary Ridge, Georgia 

Longstreet i-epulsed at Knoxville, Kentucky 

Battle of Olustee, Florida 

Sherman's expedition to Meridian, Mississippi 



May 23. 
May 30. 
May 31, 
June 1. 

June 3. 
June 4. 
June 6. 
June 25 to 
Julv 1. 
July 1. 
August 9. 
August 26 to 
Sept. 1. 
August 30. 



Sept. 
Sept. 
Sept. 
Sept. 
Sept. 



5. 

14. 

15. 

17. 

19. 
October 4. 
October 8. 
Dec. 13. 
I Dec. 29. 
:Dec. 31. 
'January 1. 
'January 2. 
January 11. 
'April 7. 
May 1. 
May 2, 3. 
May 14. 
May 16. 
May 17. 
Ijune. 
'june. 
{June 20. 
June 27. 
[July 1-3. 
July 4. 
! July 8. 
July 13-16. 
July 27. 
Aug. 21, 22. 
Sept. 6. 
Sept. 19, 20. 
Nov. 25. 
Nov. 26. 
Nov. 29. 
Feb. 20. 
February, 



234 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 



I8G4, 



Grant appointed Lieutenant-general 

Forrest's raid — captures Union City 

Battle of Pleasant Hill, Louisiana 

Forrest's raid, Tennessee — Fort Pillow massacre 

The Army of the Potomac crosses the Rapidan 

Battles in the Wilderness, Virginia 

Sherman begins his march toward Atlanta, Georgia.. 

Butler defeated at Bermuda Hundred, Virginia 

Battles near Spottsylvania Court-house, Virginia 

Sheridan's expedition north of Richmond 

Battle of Cold Harbor, Virginia 

Battle of Piedmont, Virginia 

The Potomac Army crosses the James River 

Petersburg assaulted 

Destruction of the Alabama by the Kearsarge 

Early invades Maryland 

Battle of Monocacy, Maryland 

Battles before Atlanta i 



Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, burned 

Union repulse at Petersburg, Virginia 

Farragut's fleet enters Mobile Bay 

Fort Gaines and Fort Morgan taken 

Weldon Railroad seized by the Unionists 

Battles on Sherman's route to Atlanta 

Atlanta captured by Sherman 

Battle of Winchester, Virginia 

Battle of Fisher's Hill, Virginia 

Battle of Cedar Creek, Virginia 

Nevada admitted into the Union 

Sherman's march from Atlanta to the sea begun 

Battle of Franklin, Tennessee 

Fort M'Allister, near Savannah, captured 

Battle of Nashville, Tennessee , 

Savannah captured by Sherman 

First bombardment of Fort Fisher, North Carolina.. 

Capture of Fort Fisher 

Capture of Columbia, South Carolina 

Charleston, South Carolina, evacuated by the Confed 

erates 

Wilmington, North Carolina, captured 

Sheridan's expedition up the Shenandoah Valley, Vir 

ginia ,~ ,,. 

Fayetteville, North Carolina, occupied 

Battle of Goldsboro', North Carolina 

Battle of Five Forks, Virginia 

Capture of Petersburg and Richmond , 

Lee's surrender to Grant , 

Raleigh, North Carolina, entered by Sherman , 

Assassination of President Lincoln 

Andrew Johnson mau'rurated 



I March 3. 
March 24. 
April 9. 
April 12. 
May 4. 
May 5-7. 
May 7. 
May 7. 
May 7-12. 
May, June. 
June 1-3. 
June 5. 
June 15. 
June 18-21. 
June 19. 
July 5. 
July 9. 
July 20, 22, 

28 
July'sO. 
July 30. 
Aug. 5. 
Aug. 8, 23. 
Aug. 18. 
May to Sept. 
Sept. 2. 
Sept. 19. 
Sept. 22. 
October 19. 
October 31. 
Nov. 14. 
Nov. 30. 
Dec. 13. 
Dec. 15, 16. 
Dec. 21. 
Dec. 24. 
January 15. 
February 17. 

February 17. 
February 22. 

February 27. 
March 12. 
March 21. 
April 1. 
April 3. 
April 9. 
April 13. 
April 14. 
April 15. 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 



235 



180^ 



1866. 

1867. 

li 

1868. 
1869. 



Johnston's surrender to Sherman 

Jefferson Davis captured 

Surrender of the last Confederate force in the South 

west 

Atlantic telegraph cable laid 

Amnesty declared 

Treaty for the purchase of Alaska ratified 

Impeachment of President Johnson 

General Grant inaugurated 

Pacific Railroad completed ., 



April 26. 
May 10. 

May 26. 
July. 

September 8 
April 9. 
January 24. 
March 4. 
May 10. 



THE END. 



Fowler and March's 

SERIES OF 

ENGLISH GRAMMARS 



MARCH'S PARSER AND ANALYZER. A Parser 
and Analyzer for Beginners, with Diagrams and Suggestive 
Pictures. By Francis A. March, Professor of the English 
Language and Philology in Lafayette College. i6mo, Flexible 
Cloth, 50 cents, 

FOWLER'S COMMON - SCHOOL GRAMMAR. 

Easy Lessons in Etymology and Syntax. Abridged from the 
Octavo Edition of " The English Language in its Elements and 
Forms." Prepared for General Use in Common Schools. By 
William C. Fowler, LL.D., late Professor of Rhetoric in Am- 
herst College. To which is added March's Parser and Analyzer. 
A New Edition, Revised, with the Addition of Exercises for 
Young Pupils. i6mo, Cloth, 75 cents. 

FOWLER'S ENGLISH GRAMMAR. Abridged from 

the Octavo Edition. Designed for General Use in Schools and 
Families. To which is added March's Method of Philological 
Study of the English Lajigiiage. i2mo, Sheep, %\ 75. 

MARCH'S METHOD OF PHILOLOGICAL 

STUDY. Method of Philological Study of the English Lan- 
guage. i2mo. Cloth, 75 cents ; Paper, 60 cents. 

FOWLER'S ENGLISH LANGUAGE IN ITS ELE- 
MENTS AND FORMS. With a History of its Origin and 
Development, and a full Graminar. Designed for Colleges, ad- 
vanced Students, and Libraries. New and Revised Edition. 
8vo, Cloth, $2 50 ; Sheep extra, $3 00 ; Half Morocco, $4 75. 

MARCH'S ANGLO-SAXON GRAMMAR. A Com- 
parative Grammar of the Anglo-Saxon Language, in which the 
Grammatical Forms of the Anglo-Saxon are illustrated by 
Comparison with those of the Sanscrit, Greek, Latin, Gothic, 
Old Saxon, Old Norse, and Old High-German. 8vo, Cloth, 
$2 50. 

MARCH'S ANGLO-SAXON READER. With Philo- 
logical Notes, a Brief Grammar, and a Vocabulary. Svo, 
Cloth, $1 50. 



FRENCH'S 

ARITHMETICAL SERIES. 



FIRST LESSONS IN NUMBERS, in their Natural 
Order : First, Visible Objects ; Second, Concrete Num- 
bers; Third, Abstract Numbers. By John H. French, 
LL.D., Secretary of Vermont Board of Education. 
Handsomely Illustrated. i6mo, 40 cents. 

ELEMENTARY ARITHMETIC for the SLATE, 
in which Methods and Rules are based upon Princi- 
ples established by Induction. By John H. French, 
LL.D. Handsomely Illustrated. i6mo, 50 cents.=* 

MENTAL ARITHMETIC, in which Combinations of 
Numbers, Solutions of Problems, and Principles of 
Arithmetical Analysis are based upon the Laws of 
Mental Development. By John H. French, LL.D. 
Handsomely Illustrated. i6mo, 50 cents. 

COMMON -SCHOOL ARITHMETIC FOR THE 
SLATE. By John H. French, LL.D. Handsome- 
ly Illustrated. 12 mo, %\ 00.* 



* The " Elementary Arithmetic for the Slate " and the " Com- 
mon-School Arithmetic " are published both with and without An- 
swers to the probleins. In ordering, please state which is wanted. 



HARPER & BROTHERS, Publishers, 
Franklin Square, New York. 



COMFORT'S 

GERMAN SERIES. 

By GEORGE F. COMFORT, A.M., 

PROFESSOR OF MODERN LANGUAGES AND ESTHETICS, SYRACUSE 

UNIVERSITY, NEW YORK ; LATE PROFESSOR OF MODERN 

LANGUAGES, ALLEGHANY COLLEGE, PA. 



A FIRST BOOK IN GERMAN: to Precede the 

"German Course." i2mo, Half Leather, $i oo. 

A FIRST GERMAN READER : to Succeed the 
" First Book in German." i2mo. Cloth, 80 cents. 

A GERMAN COURSE, Adapted for Use in Colleges, 
Academies, and High-Schools. i2mo. Half Leather, 

$2 00, 

A TEACHER'S COMPANION to the German Course. 
i2mo. Cloth, 75 cents. 

A GERMAN READER, with Notes and a Vocabulary. 
i2mo. Half Leather, $2 00. 

A MANUAL OF GERMAN CONVERSATION. 

1 2 mo, Half Leather, $1 50. 



HARPER dN BROTHERS, Publishers, New York. 



Dr. HOOKER'S SERIES 

ON THE 

NATURAL SCIENCES. 



THE CHILD'S BOOK OF NATURE. For the Use of 

Families and Schools ; intended to aid Mothers and Teach- 
ers in training Children in the Observation of Nature. In 
three Parts. Illustrated by Engravings. The Three Parts 
complete in one vol. Small 4to, Cloth, $2 00 ; Separately, 
Cloth, 90 cents each. I^ar^ I. Plants. Part II. Animals. 
Fart III. Air, Water, Heat, Light, etc. 

FIRST BOOK IN CHEMISTRY. For the Use of Schools 
and Families. Illustrated by Engravings. Square 4to, 
Cloth, 90 cents. 

NATURAL HISTORY. For the Use of Schools and Fam- 
ilies. Illustrated by nearly 300 Engravings. i2mo. Cloth, 

$1 50. 

SCIENCE FOR THE SCHOOL AND FAMILY. 

Part I, Natural Philosophy. Illustrated by nearly 300 
Engravings. i2mo, Cloth, $1 50. 

Part II. Chemistry. Illustrated by numerous Engrav- 
ings, i2mo, Cloth, %\ 50. 

Part III. Mineralogy and Geology. Illustrated by 
numerous Engravings 12 mo. Cloth $1 50. 






